The development of resource-saving tillage and direct seeding technologies (no-till) of field crops end up making a profit when it is based on the results of research and practice but this is not the case in all regions. Taking this into account, in the central zone of the Krasnodar Region in the permanent crop rotation from 2013 through 2018, we studied the integrated effect of plowing (22-24 cm -the control), surface tillage (6-8 cm) and zero tillage (herbicide treatment) and the crop in the rotation on the economic efficiency of production and elements of soil fertility. The average annual air temperature in the area is +12.1°C; the precipitation amount is 614 mm. The soil is represented by ordinary chernozem; humus amount in the arable layer makes 3.8%; P2O5-22-28 mg kg of soil; K2O -350-380 mg kg of soil (according to B.P. Machigin). The accounting area of the plots amounted to 5000 m2; fourfold plot replica-tion; threefold temporal replication. The crops were sown with the Rapid600 seeder with fertilizer application. Pesti-cides and growth promoters were used. The crops were harvested with a Claas Tucano combine harvester. It was found that the tillage variants affected the yields of crown flax, winter wheat,foxtail millet in stubble field, and field pea; and also changed the production costs and the condi-tional net income for crops and the course of the crop rota-tion. Under direct seeding technology, the conditional net income for the course of the crop rotation made 58.6 thou-sand rubles per ha; fuel consumption -127 kg ha and labor costs -16.98 man-hours per ha which was by 5%, 43% and 11%, respectively, less than those in the control. Sur-face tillage also had an advantage in terms of these indica-tors. Moldboard plowing reduced the intensity of organic matter accumulation 1.5-1.2 times as compared to direct seeding (no-till) and surface tillage. The cultivation of 4 crops in a course of the crop rotation for 3 agricultural years stabilizes economic indicators and soil fertility. The developed technologies for crop optimization in a rotation (the crops in constant demand by the market); adaptive methods of basic tillage; preservation of soil fertility may be used by land users with similar soil and climatic conditions.
The need to introduce new progressive technologies for sunflower cultivation in Stavropol Territory is based on an analysis of trends in the development of arable land for this crop over the last ten-year period from 2010 to 2020. A significant annual increase in the areas under sunflower in the arid zone by an average of 3.9 thousand hectares and a tendency for this indicator to increase in zones of unstable and sufficient moisture by 0.55 and 1.0 thousand hectares have been established. The purpose of the research is to evaluate the effectiveness of the modernized soil cultivation system in the Strip-till technology for sunflower in the unstable moisture zone of the Stavropol Territory on the southern chernozem, poorly humified in comparison with the traditionally adopted cultivation system. A distinctive feature of the new strip-till soil cultivation system is continuous disc stubble cultivation with the Catros harrow 8 - 10 cm instead of leaving untreated stubble strips. In the process of research, using the method of the theory of dimensions, an inverse power-law dependence was derived, showing that the smaller the weighted average diameter of the aggregates D, the higher the soil density P, taking into account the correction factor C for a certain type of soil. It was found that under relatively favorable moisture conditions in 2019 and in the dry season of 2020, spring moisture accumulation under strip-till was higher than under traditional ones by 12 and 8 mm, respectively. Cultivation of sunflower, with preliminary disc processing of stubble and the formation of strips with slots for sowing crops, following the Strip-till technology, is more effective in comparison with the traditionally adopted technology in the southeast of the Stavropol Territory, since an average increase in sunflower yields over the years by 0.20 t/ha with a higher profitability of 31%
Экономические тенденции и климатические факторы способствуют разработке и внедрению почвозащитных технологий в земледелии. Учитывая это, в центральной зоне Краснодарского края в стационарном севообороте в 2013-2018 гг. изучали комплексное влияние вспашки 22-24 см (контроль), поверхностной 6-8 см и нулевой (химической) обработки при возделывании льна масличного, озимой пшеницы, могара, гороха. По no-till в слое 0-100 см весной доступной влаги накапливалось на 2,8-5,6 % меньше от контроля (152,0-158,4 мм). Плотность почвы слоя 0-30 см не существенно различалась по вариантам (1,07-1,15 г/см 3 ). Засоренность почвы и посевов возрастала (до применения гербицидов) при уменьшении глубины обработки. Преимущество по урожайности озимой пшеницы 6,48 т/га и содержанию протеина в количестве 14,3 % отмечено при поверхностной обработке почвы. На данном варианте сбор льна масличного составил 1,75 т/га при содержании масла в семенах 48,5 %, или на 0,09 т/га ниже, чем на контроле. Урожайность гороха 3,71 т/га и содержание белка 22,0 % не отличались существенно от показателя, полученного по вспашке (при НСР 05 = 0,10 т/га). Могар пожнивной 0,51 т/га и 1,78 т/га не имел существенных отличий в сборе зерна и сена по вариантам обработки почвы под предшественник (озимую пшеницу). По no-till отмечено наибольшее формирование органического вещества -2,19 т/га. На данном варианте опыта суммарный условный чистый доход составил 58,6 тыс. руб./га; расход горючего -127 кг/га и затраты труда 16,98 чел.час/га, что было на 5 %, 43 % и 11 % соответственно меньше, чем на контроле. Возделывание четырех культур в звене севооборота за три с.-х. года стабилизирует экономические показатели и почвенное плодородие.
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