High yield solvent-base-controlled, transition metal-free synthesis of 4,5-functionalized 1,2,3-thiadiazoles and 1,2,3-triazoles from 2-cyanothioacetamides and sulfonyl azides is described. Under diazo transfer conditions in the presence of a base in an aprotic solvent 2-cyanothioacetamides operating as C-C-S building blocks produce 5-amino-4-cyano-1,2,3-thiadiazoles exclusively. The use of alkoxide/alcohol system completely switches the reaction course due to the change of one of the reaction centers in the 2-cyanothioacetamide (C-C-N building block) resulting in the formation of 5-sulfonamido-1,2,3-triazole-4-carbothioamide sodium salts as the only products. The latter serve as good precursors for 5-amino-1,2,3-thiadiazole-4-carboximidamides, the products of Cornforth-type rearrangement occurring in neutral protic medium or under acid conditions. According to DFT calculations (B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p)) the rearrangement proceeds via intermediate formation of a diazo compound, and can be catalyzed by acids via the protonation of oxygen atom of the sulfonamide group.
The reactions of primary and tertiary malonothioamides with aryl and sulfonyl azides can take place in three directions, depending on the nature of the thioamides and azides. Ethoxycarbonylthioacetamide reacts with aryl azides with the formation of ethyl 5-amino-1-aryl-1,2,3-triazole-4-carboxylates. In reaction with aryl azides tertiary thioamides of cyanoacetic acid form 5-amino-1-aryl-1,2,3-triazole-4-carbothioamides, and in reaction with tosyl azide they form 5-amino-4-carboxamidino-1,2,3-thiadiazoles. Hypothetical mechanisms for the transformations are discussed.
A systematic study of the reactions of dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (DMAD) and methyl propynoate with 5-mercaptoazoles and pyridine-2-thiones has been carried out and as a result, a number of novel imidazo[1,5-b]thiazin-4-ones 6a,b, pyrazolo[1,5-b] thiazin-4-ones 15a-f, imidazo[1,5-b]thiazol-4-ones 7a,b and thiazolo[3,2-a]pyridines 21a-c have been prepared. The influence of the size of the ring of the starting "cyclic" thioamides on the size of the fused ring in the reaction products has been established. The preferred formation of a six-membered thiazine ring took place in the reactions of 5-mercaptoazoles. In contrast, the five membered thiazolidine ring is formed in reactions of pyridine-2-thiones. In both cases the product is a five-membered ring fused to a six-membered heterocycle.
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