The thermodynamic temperature of the point of inflection of the melting transition of Re-C, Pt-C and Co-C eutectics has been determined to be 2747.84 ± 0.35 K, 2011.43 ± 0.18 K and 1597.39 ± 0.13 K, respectively, and the thermodynamic temperature of the freezing transition of Cu has been determined to be 1357.80 ± 0.08 K, where the ± symbol represents 95% coverage. These results are the best consensus estimates obtained from measurements made using various spectroradiometric primary thermometry techniques by nine different national metrology institutes. The good agreement between the institutes suggests that spectroradiometric thermometry techniques are sufficiently mature (at least in those institutes) to allow the direct realization of thermodynamic temperature above 1234 K (rather than the use of a temperature scale) and that metal-carbon eutectics can be used as high-temperature fixed points for thermodynamic temperature dissemination. The results directly support the developing mise en pratique for the definition of the kelvin to include direct measurement of thermodynamic temperature.
The eutectic alloys rhenium-carbon, platinum-carbon and cobalt-carbon have been proposed as reference standards for thermometry, with temperature and uncertainty values specified within the mise en pratique of the definition of the kelvin. These alloys have been investigated in a collaboration of eleven national measurement institutes and laboratories. Published results reported the point-of-inflection in the melting curve with extremely low uncertainties. However, to be considered as standards it is necessary to stipulate what phenomenon a temperature value has been ascribed to; specifically, this should be a thermodynamic state. Therefore, the data have been further evaluated and the equilibrium liquidus temperatures determined based on a consideration of limits and assuming a rectangular probability distribution. The values are: for rhenium-carbon 2747.91 ± 0.44 K, for platinum-carbon 2011.50 ± 0.22 K and for cobalt-carbon 1597.48 ± 0.14 K, with uncertainties at approximately a 95% coverage probability. It is proposed that these values could be used as Metrologia
Absolute spectral radiometry is currently the only established primary thermometric method for the temperature range above 1300 K. Up to now, the ongoing improvements of high-temperature fixed points and their formal implementation into an improved temperature scale with the mise en pratique for the definition of the kelvin, rely solely on single-wavelength absolute radiometry traceable to the cryogenic radiometer. Two alternative primary thermometric methods, yielding comparable or possibly even smaller uncertainties, have been proposed in the literature. They use ratios of irradiances to determine the thermodynamic temperature traceable to blackbody radiation and synchrotron radiation. At PTB, a project has been established in cooperation with VNIIOFI to use, for the first time, all three methods simultaneously for the determination of the phase transition temperatures of high-temperature fixed points. For this, a dedicated four-wavelengths ratio filter radiometer was developed. With all three thermometric methods performed independently and in parallel, we aim to compare the potential and practical limitations of all three methods, disclose possibly undetected systematic effects of each method and thereby confirm or improve the previous measurements traceable to the cryogenic radiometer. This will give further and independent confidence in the thermodynamic temperature determination of the high-temperature fixed point's phase transitions.
Presently, absolute radiometry is the main method of thermodynamic temperature determination above the silver point. The importance of such measurements has increased, as a large international project is underway aimed at assigning thermodynamic temperatures to high-temperature fixed points (HTFPs). All participants are using filter radiometers calibrated against an absolute cryogenic radiometer which, therefore, will be the basis of the provided thermodynamic temperatures of the fixed points. However, such a unified approach may lead to systematic errors (if any) common to all participants. There are methods, providing an alternative to absolute radiometry, which allow the determination of blackbody thermodynamic temperatures using relative measurements. Alternative methods, even if they have lower accuracy than absolute radiometry, could disclose some possible unrecognized systematic errors, or, on the contrary, could confirm the results obtained using absolute radiometry and increase confidence of the thermodynamic temperature determination. One such method, known as the method of ratios (i.e., double wavelength technique), is based on measuring the ratios of fluxes emitted by a blackbody in separate spectral ranges at two temperatures. This approach has been developed at VNIIOFI, but its realization met serious technical difficulties. Modern sensors with improved sensitivity and stability, extremely reproducible HTFP blackbodies, and significant progress in computational methods and computer performance provide a new chance to realize this approach with sufficient accuracy. Another method is based on comparing the ratio of fluxes 123 Int J Thermophys (2015) 36:252-266 253 measured at two wavelengths for a high-temperature blackbody with that measured for synchrotron radiation. This article overviews possibilities of the alternative methods for determination of blackbody thermodynamic temperatures by means of relative radiometry to attract attention of the thermometry and radiometry communities to the importance of international cooperation for realization of these methods.
The All-Russian Research Institute for Optical and Physical Measurements is currently carrying out a project on developing an integrated system for measurement assurance of Earth observations. The system should provide ground calibration of instruments and their control during space-borne observations. Such tasks require appropriate measurement facilities as well as regulatory documentation. In this paper we discuss the newly created radiometric facility, traceable to SI standard, for precise calibration of instruments for Earth observations, the project on precise monitoring of the stability of the instrument's in-flight performance and the development of national regulatory documentation in harmony with the international document ‘Quality Assurance Framework for Earth Observation—QA4EO’.
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