As Internet access widens, IDS (Intrusion Detection System) is becoming a very important component of network security to prevent unauthorized use and misuse of data. An IDS routinely handles massive amounts of data traffic that contain redundant and irrelevant features, which impact the performance of the IDS negatively. Feature selection methods play an important role in eliminating unrelated and redundant features in IDS. Statistical analysis, neural networks, machine learning, data mining techniques, and support vector machine models are employed in some such methods. Good feature selection leads to better classification accuracy. Recently, bio-inspired optimization algorithms have been used for feature selection. This work provides a survey of feature selection techniques for IDS, including bio-inspired algorithms.
Different kinds of techniques are evaluated and analyzed for various classification models for the detection of diseases of citrus fruits. This paper aims to systematically review the papers that focus on the prediction, detection, and classification of citrus fruit diseases that have employed machine learning, deep learning, and statistical techniques. Additionally, this paper explores the present state of the art of the concept of image acquisition, digital image processing, feature extraction, and classification approaches, and each one is discussed separately. A total of 78 papers are selected after applying primary selection criteria, inclusion/exclusion criteria, and quality assessment criteria. We observe that the following are widely used in the selected studies: hyperspectral imaging systems for the image acquisition process, thresholding for image processing, support vector machine (SVM) models as machine learning (ML) models, convolutional neural network (CNN) architectures as deep learning models, principal component analysis (PCA) as a statistical model, and classification accuracy as evaluation parameters. Moreover, the color feature is the most popularly used feature for the RGB color space. From the review studies that performed comparative analyses, we find that the best techniques that outperformed other techniques in their respective categories are as follows: SVM among the ML methods, ANN among the neural network networks, CNN among the deep learning methods, and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) among the statistical techniques.This study concludes with meta-analysis, limitations, and future research directions.
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