The innovative way of increasing the efficiency of traditional methods for processing the optimized compositions of rape or soy-gm oils with the addition of ratsin oil (the so-called compols ) by the methods of glycolysis and esterolysis is considered. These compositions are processed into alternative biocomponents of the branch of lubricating materials, in particular into biooils. It has been shown that the earlier developed methods of glycolysis — esterolysis of compols is characterized by low indicators, in particular selectiveness in relation to biooils, their output and quality. It is suggested to realize these methods as consisting of two stages with their first common stage — alcoholysis of compols by glycerine (glycerolysis-2) and the following stage which involves glycolysis or esterolysis of the intermediate product of glycerolysis. Due to the application of such technique, a drastic increase of selectiveness methods is achieved. It is demonstrated that in their functional properties and tribological characteristics new biooils are on a par with the best traditional base oils, in particular such very expensive and ecologically dangerous ester-type synthetic oils. Ref. 15, Tab. 3.
The material of the article reflects the results of the next stage of the systematic study of a very important problem in finding effective methods for processing chemical (T) oils into alternative functionally high quality and high biodegradability bioproducts of the fuel and lubricants (PM) materials. The main object of experimental research is the method of acetolysis of oils as one of the practically unexplored methods in comparison with well-developed methods of alcoholysis and esterolysis of T-oils. Based on the considered mechanism of catalytic and reversible reaction of acetolysis of oils as specific preacylation of their triacetylglycerol molecules, chemical-technological bases of processes of acetolysis of oils of two types are developed, namely: basic – rapeseed (g) and composition on its basis with 20 %, castor oil the so-called "ripritsol-20" (years). The optimal technological parameters for achieving high efficiency of acetolysis processes to obtain high-quality intermediates - mixtures of the corresponding FFAs of the general formulas RрC(O)–OH or RррC(O)–OH have been established. The necessity of combining the process of acetolysis of oils (p) or (pp) as the basis of the first stage of processing technology with the next stage, namely the conversion of VJ acids into more active in the reactions of the next stage derivatives - acid chlorides, and by a known, simple and fast method almost quantitative yield of intermediate products - mixtures of HlAn-VZhK (r) or (rr). The conceptual idea of the complex technology indicates the directions of rational processing of mixtures of VZ acids and their anhydrides (mixtures of HlAn-VZhK) into biocomponents of a wide range of purposes. In the second stage of the complex process, it is proposed to process Hlan-IJK mixtures into main bioproducts - biofuels or basic bio-oils by the well-known technologically and perfect Schotten-Bauman method, which is based on the acylation reaction of alcohols of the appropriate structure with chlorides of a certain type. or HlAn-VZhK (pp). Emphasis is placed on the rather favorable course of the acylation reaction of alcohols by the chosen method, in particular on its irreversibility, high speed under standard conditions, under such conditions high technical and economic efficiency of the second stage technology of the complex process is provided. It is shown that the technological operations of the complex process can be modified, directing them to the production of certain bioproducts, such as biofuels or biooils on the basis of adapted selection of the necessary combinations of raw materials. Thus, new biofuels of ester structure are proposed to be obtained by acylation of methanol or ethanol with mixtures of VOR acid chlorides derived from ripol. While new basic biooils of diester structure are recommended to be obtained by acylation of glycolysis of industrial production (in particular ethylene glycol) with a mixture of HlAn-VZhK, derived from the composite oil ripritsol-20. The presented tables of the calculated material balances of each of the stages of the complex process characterize their technical and economic efficiency and environmental safety. The main functional properties and some operational indicators of the experimental samples of products obtained during the research are determined: both biofuels and basic biooils, and composite ones based on the best mineral and bioproducts, in particular biodiesel and motor min-biooils. The analysis of their characteristics convinces that they do not concede on the functional indicators of quality to the best traditional materials of branch of PM-materials. Bibl. 12, Tab. 5.
The review presents the materials of a systematic scientific and technical analysis of the results of studying the problem of processing technical vegetable (tv-) oils, in particular rapeseed or soybean oils, into alternative fuels of a new type — biofuels as a reflection of a complex of modern factors of resource and energy saving, effective methods and technologies, ecological production safety and rational use. The information system for analyzing the development of this problem covers certain stages, in particular: a) the period from its formation at the level of research tasks with the development of the first processing method — methanolysis-ethanolysis of tv-oils and the technology of the so-called traditional biofuel production; b) formation of an algorithm for searching for perfect and effective methods of processing tv-oils with the achievement of the current state of the problem; c) comparative technical and economic analysis of traditional and innovative methods. It is noted that in the procedures for the search and development of effective methods for the production of biofuels, it is necessary to rely on the mechanisms of three typical, reversible reactions of transesterification of triacyl-glycerol molecules of tv-oils as esters underlying them, namely: a) alcoholysis of tv-oils with methanol or ethanol — at the heart of the methanolysis-ethanolysis method; b) esterolysis of tv-oils by non-oily, low molecular weight esters, in particular ethyl acetate — the methods of esterolysis are based on; c) acetolysis of tv-oils with acetate acid — the basis of the complex method “acetolysis — acylation of alcohols”. Significant disadvantages and imperfections of traditional methanolysis, which reduce its efficiency and quality of biofuel, are characterized. Their causes and consequences are reasonably considered. It was informed about the method we developed for the first time for the esterolysis of tv-oils with ethyl acetate and the technological foundations of biofuel production by it as a more perfect and efficient alternative to traditional methanolysis. Moreover, some of its shortcomings and their impact on fuel quality are noted. An innovative two-stage method of processing them according to the principle of “glycerolysis-2 — alcoholysis or esterolysis of mono-acyl-glycerols”, alternative to the one-stage methods of alcoholysis and esterolysis of tv-oils has been proposed. Its significant advantages in terms of efficiency and quality of biofuel have been proven. Another innovative two-stage method of processing tv-oils according to the principle of “acetolysis of tv-oils with obtaining a mixture of acid chlorides of high-liquid acids — acylation of ethanol or methanol with acid chlorides” with obtaining high-quality biofuel is described. It is shown that acetolysis of tv-oils should be considered as the basis of a complex method of production from them of any bioproduct of the tv-materials industry. Comparison of indicators of a number of properties of new biofuels obtained by different methods with mineral diesel fuel and composite min-bio-fuel showed the high quality of both biofuel itself and compositions with its addition. Bibl. 24, Fig. 1, Tabl. 4.
The review attempts to systematically and analytically consider certain results of scientific research and applied developments of such an urgent problem of our time as «hydrogen, hydrogen and atomic hydrogen energy» over the past 15–20 years. In the context of a reasoned statement of the problem, the main categorical-conceptual apparatus of the problem is determined. The main directions and issues of research on the phased solution of the problem are indicated. It is proved that the foundation of the problem is the understanding of the physicochemical properties of hydrogen as a chemical element and its characteristics as a simple substance based on a number of its specific properties. The phenomenon of hydrogen corrosion and its analysis from the point of view of the level of danger, the risk of its use and safety precautions are considered. Attention is focused on the features of the processes of storage, transportation and use of hydrogen as an energy carrier and raw material for technologies. The advantages of obtaining and using solid-phase hydrogen compounds with metals and intermetallic compounds as convenient and safe means of hydrogen transfer to consumers are noted. An example of the use of the most effective hydrides as carriers of H2 in motor vehicles by adding H2 to the minfuel in the engine power system is given, illustrated by a diagram. Special conditions for the use of H2 in heat supply processes (in thermal power engineering in general) are indicated, taking into account the difference in the thermophysical characteristics of H2, CH4, air and oxygen. The features of the development and use of means of transportation and storage of H2 are noted. Considerable attention is paid to the consideration of the physicochemical foundations for the production and use of metal hydrides and intermetallides in the context of evaluating them as means of solid-phase storage of H2 transfer in technological processes. The classification of hydrides and their functional characteristics of the most effective and promising hydrides — metal-like and especially intermetallic ones are presented: their preparation and areas of use. The innovative concept of atomic hydrogen energy is described in detail, which will determine the most promising areas of practical developments on the subject of the problem and their implementation. The concept is based on the use of the heat of a gas-cooled nuclear reactor for the implementation of two types of tasks: the efficient use of hydrogen as an energy carrier, for example, in the field of heat supply; the efficiency and profitability of methods for producing hydrogen using the numerous methods, methods and technologies already proposed, which, without nuclear technologies, are currently low-efficient and unprofitable. A project is proposed for using the heat of a GOx-th nuclear reactor in a fundamentally new complex of distant heat supply (method, technology, schemes) using a two-stage, reversible chemo-thermal process. It has been proven that the heat of a nuclear reactor can be used for the effective implementation of a number of traditional and innovative chemical and electrochemical, biochemical, etc. reactions for obtaining H2. A feasibility study has proven the effectiveness of such nuclear-hydrogen energy. A complete list and analysis of innovative, reversible (cyclic) chemical reactions for the production of H2 is presented. The review is based on the latest references to foreign publications on the subject of the problem (2018–2022), obtained from such an international source as «Elsevier-Science Direct». Bibl. 26, Fig. 4, Tab. 5.
У статті представлено моделювання роботи темплоакумулятора при перетворені електричної енергії в теплову, які мають кращі показники. Перспективним в цьому плані є застосування автономних теплоакумулюючих електронагрівальних приладів, які акумулюють енергію вночі по пільговим тарифам та віддають її протягом дня. Це пов’язано з тим, що постійне збільшення ціни за теплопостачання залежить від ціни на природній газ. В таких умовах електроопалення з використанням низьких нічних тарифів з неефективного стає економічно вигідним і конкурентоспроможним порівняно з іншими видами індивідуального опалення. Проведена оцінка динаміки систем опалення з точки зору ефективності використання теплової енергії та рівня підтримки теплового комфорту в опалювальних приміщеннях у широкому діапазоні показала варіанти технічних рішень ефективного розподілу теплової енергії та забезпечення кращих умов теплового комфорту в опалювальних приміщеннях. Отримана модель може бути корисна для інженерних розрахунків теплоакумулюючих систем з електричною системою опалення
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