Black Sea estuaries are phenomenon of geological nature and are not only an important component of the Black Sea geoecosystem, but also they are important component of local and regional ecological, socioeconomic systems of the coastal territory of Ukraine. Affecting the livelihoods and wellbeing of the population of these systems, estuaries from ancient times have attracted the attention of researchers. Unfortunately, the ecological status of these reservoirs has been worsening over the last decades because of the complex of reasons that require comprehensive study, analysis, development and implementation of a specific system of action, which cannot be realized without knowing at least the major milestones in the history of the research of these unique formations. Based on the published materials, information on the history of studies of estuaries of the northwestern Black Sea coast has been systematized. The history of the research has been reproduced in chronological order for the largest estuaries of the Black Sea, taking into account the current level of their study and identifying the main problems regarding their ecological status. The article gives a brief description of the current conditions and status of the largest Black Sea estuaries and some facts from the history of their research. In order to preserve the natural value of estuaries for their further research and rational use, the authors propose to use the methodology, the basic component of which is the geoecosystem paradigm, and henceforth study each estuary as a complete geoecological system taking into account all its components (subsystems), elements and conditions, which affect the formation and functioning of all components and the system as a whole. Geoecosystem paradigm together with a certain ecological and economic approach will allow to study in detail the geoecological conditions of water area of estuaries and adjacent territories, to evaluate their geoecological systems in terms of the prospects for their provision of certain services to the individual and / or society. Geoecosystem paradigm also allows to draw conclusions on optimizing the use of resources of these estuaries.
The article describes several research results of geoecological direction, which included field sampling of bottom sediments, soils, coastal sediments at different sites within the territory of the Black Sea Biosphere Reserve NAS of Ukraine, in particular, the Tendrivska and Yahorlitska bays. The complex of the laboratory works included determination of chemical, microelement, particle size distribution composition of samples and study of their material characteristics on a scanning electron microscope. The study of the ecological state of the Reserve’s bottom sediments, as well as comparison of pollutant content in sediments of various parts of the protected water area was based, in particular, on determining the concentrations a few heavy metals (copper, nickel, zinc, lead, tin). The choice of research objects was determined by the peculiarities of the organization of agricultural activities within the arable lands bordering the boundaries of this reserve. The results obtained showed a significant impact of the geomorphological structure of the area and hydrodynamic characteristics of certain areas of the water area within it on the distribution of the material component of bottom sediments. The mineral and particle-size composition of bottom sediments should be considered the main factor in the uneven distribution of microelement concentrations, which in turn is determined by the location of zones of coastal erosion and sediment accumulation. Insignificant relative excesses of the copper content in the surface layer of the bottom sediments of the water area, fixed in the northern part of the Tendrivska Bay, can be connected with the discharge of fresh water from the network of canals, which is part of the agro complexes for rice cultivation, as well as “tailings” of water from the water supply systems of the Krasnoznam’yanska irrigation system. Studies have also shown that the content of most heavy metals in the upper layer of bottom sediments in the Black Sea Biosphere Reserve is lower than the average figures for modern Black Sea bottom sediments presented in literature sources.
The results of long-term observations on the geochemical peculiarities of technogenic lead distribution in atmospheric aerosol of Zaporizhia, as well as in soils, bottom sediments, suspended matter from Dnipro river and substance from wet gas filters of open-hearth furnaces PJSC Zaporizhstal are presented. The actual material was obtained on the basis of comprehensive field monitoring during 2015-2019. Simultaneous involvement of data on hydrometeorological conditions (seasonality, precipitation, wind speeds, directions and duration) in the study area provided a integral approach to the processing and generalization of research results. A number of peculiarities of sedimentary substance distribution in air, interrelations of its anthropogenic and natural components are defined. Correlations were revealed between lead concentrations changes and aeolian mineral component distribution, seasonality, and a number of other factors. The highest concentration of lead was found in solid aerosol particles accumulated by the sedimentary trap at the monitoring site. It was revealed that the average concentration of investigated element in river suspension of Dnipro exceeds significantly background values, and for soils exceeds more than 3.5 times the permissible norms. At the same time, the fixed form of lead in atmospheric aerosol, in contrast to other environmental objects, loses its domination, giving the way to easily soluble forms, so the evidence of environmental hazard. Monitoring of seasonal patterns of the element distribution in the city air showed excess concentrations in the cold period of the year, which, according to the authors, is due to both meteorological conditions and redistribution of natural and anthropogenic factors that serve the driving force in processes of arriving and conversion of lead in atmosphere during different seasons of the year.
Інститут геологічних наук НАН України, Київ ОКЕАН І ЗДОРОВ'Я ЛЮДИНИ. СТАН ПРОБЛЕМИ Ó ñòàòò³ ³ç çàñòîñувàííяì ãåîåêîñèñòåìíîãî ï³äхîäу ïðåäñòàвëåíî àíàë³ç îïу бë³êîвàíèх ðîб³ò ç ïðîбëåìè «Оêåàí ³ çäîðîв'я ëюäèíè». Ðîçãëяíуòî ñòàí вèвчåí íя вïëèву ãåîåêîñèñòåìè Ñв³òîвîãî îêåàíу (äàë³ Оêåàí), ¿¿ ãëîбàëьíèх ñубñèñ òåì-àåðàëьíî¿, àêвàëьíî¿, ãåîëîã³чíî¿-íà çäîðîв'я ëюäèíè. Ðîçуì³ííя шëях³в вèð³шåííя ц³є¿ ïðîбëåìè вèìàãàє çíàííя îñîбëèвîñòåé ñòðуêòуðíîãî ñêëàäу ³ вëàñòèвîñòåé îñíîвíèх ô³çèчíèх ñåðåäîвèщ (ãàçîвîãî, ð³äèííîãî é òвåðäîãî) ãëî бàëьíèх ñубñèñòåì Оêåàíу, îñîбëèвîñòåé ¿х ôуíêц³îíувàííя ³ ñуïðîвîäжуючèх ïðîцåñ³в. Ñàìå ô³çèчí³ вëàñòèвîñò³ çàçíàчåíèх ñåðåäîвèщ ñубñèñòåì Оêåàíу, б³ îëîã³чí³, ãåîëîã³чí³ òà åêîëîã³чí³ îñîбëèвîñò³, ì³íåðàëьí³, бàëьíåîëîã³чí³, ðåêðå àц³éí³, хàðчîв³ òà ³íш³ ðåñуðñè îñòàíí³х, êë³ìàòèчí³ ïðîцåñè ³ явèщà, äèíàì³êà ³ ïîòужí³ñòь яêèх îбуìîвëåí³ вçàєìîä³єю ñуì³жíèх ñубñèñòåì Оêåàíу ³ ñуш³, îñîбëèвî в ¿х ïðèбåðåжí³é ³ ïðèìîðñьê³é чàñòèíàх, вèçíàчàюòь ñêëàäíèé, чàñîì вèð³шàëьíèé вïëèв íà çäîðîв'я ëюäèíè. Óêðà¿í³ яê ìîðñьê³é äåðжàв³ ïîòð³бåí ðîçвèòîê б³ëьш ãëèбîêèх ³ вñåб³чíèх êîìï ëåêñíèх äîñë³äжåíь вïëèву ãåîåêîëîã³чíèх ñèñòåì ×îðíîãî òà Àçîвñьêîãî ìî ð³в-ñубñèñòåì Оêåàíу íà çäîðîв'я íàñåëåííя êðà¿íè, à òàêîж ð³çíèх àñïåêò³в ñîц³àëьíîåêîíîì³чíèх åôåêò³в цьîãî вïëèву.
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