This Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) predominates the micro flora of fermented products. They produce metabolites that inhibit the growth of food borne pathogens and spoilage microorganisms. The isolation and identification of LAB from fermented maize (Ogi) and the effect of varied culture conditions on crude supernatant production and activity was evaluated. Four (4) isolates of bacteriocin producing lactobacillus species (L. lactis, L. fermentum, L. casei and L. plantarum) with antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhimurium (ATCC 14028) and Shigella dysenteriae (ATCC 23351) were subjected to varying growth medium conditions. The crude supernatant production was tested at different physical and cultural conditions such as temperature (25, 30, 35 and 40°C), pH (5, 6, 7 and 8), sodium chloride (NaCl) concentration (2, 4, 6 and 8%) and incubation duration (12, 24, 48 and 72 hours). The optimum bacteriocin production judged by their different zones of inhibition of crude supernatant was recorded at temperature, 30°C and then 35°C. There were significant differences between all the incubation temperatures at P<0.05. Duration of incubation showed highest crude supernatant activity after 72 hours. Furthermore, optimal conditions for crude supernatant production were observed to be highest at pH 6.0 followed by 5.0 and then 2% NaCl concentration. There were significant differences between the zones of inhibition of crude supernatants produced against the indicator organisms at various media pH and salt concentrations at P<0.05. These crude supernatants may have a potential use in reducing contaminations during industrial processes, as food preservatives and may help in improving the gastro-intestinal tract by fighting off pathogenic bacteria.
A survey of intestinal parasite infections in a heavy metal (Pb) mining area of Abia State (Ishiagu) was carried out using both direct wet preparation and formal/ether concentration methods. A total 512 individuals ranging from primary and secondary school children to adults were screened. Of the number sampled, 177 (34.67 %) had various intestinal parasites. The parasite prevalence were Ascaris lumbricoides (17.80 %), Hookworms (14.80%) Entamoeba histoly ca (3.70 %) and Trichuris trichiura (2.3 %). Prevalence for ma es (35.55 %) and females (33.47%) were not significantly different (P < 0 05). Age distribution of the infections showed a gradual increase from < 10 years (14.0%) to 11-20 years group (36.67%) and peaked at 21-30 years w h 57.00 % before decreasing to the least in the > 51 years (27.02 %). This gave a significant age related infection (P < 0.05). The findings were discussed in relation to the rural nature of the community and the activities at the head mining s tes.
The effects of petroleum-produced water (PPW) in bacterial population and soil enzymatic activities in cassava farmland in Egbema were investigated. Results obtained showed that the flow carried away soil, silt, organic matter, and total phosphorus and nitrogen creating areas with different impacting degrees. This resulted in lower bacterial prevalence and diversity in heavily impacted soil that increased in moderately impacted. In the lightly impacted soil the results were above the control. Most affected were the nitrifying bacteria followed by the coliforms and the hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria. In other hand, total heterotrophic bacteria were the least affected. Urease has presented 5.8 times higher activity in the lightly impacted soil and 5.4 times in the control than the 0.62 mg NH3-N/g/24 h observed in the heavily impacted soil. Dehydrogenases have showed 5.2 times more activity in the lightly impacted soil with only 4.71 mg/g/6 h in the heavily impacted soil. Hydrogen peroxidase and polyphenol-oxidase have shown similar pattern in all impacting situation. Alkaline phosphatase did not show any significant change in activity while the change in activity of acid phosphatase was very low. PPW therefore affected bacterial quality and soil enzymatic activities adversely when in high quantity but when in low quantity encouraged higher bacterial diversity and soil enzymatic activities.
The effects of physicochemical properties and attachment surface characteristics on biofilm formed in a cassava mill effluent of the polluted Oloshi River (Nigeria) was investigated. Concerning to physicochemical properties, the Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), and Dissolved Oxygen (DO) were significantly affected with higher values in the discharge point (DP) than in the downstream points (DS). Values for these properties in samples from upstream (US) sites were lower than in the DP, except for DO that was higher. Klebsiella spp., Corynebacterium spp., Moraxella spp., Acinetobacter spp., and Saccharomyces spp. were absent in the US, but were found from the DP though the DS. Regarding to the bioloads, DS I has presented the highest bacterial counts, followed by the DS II, while the lower counts were obtained in US. Again, in a general form, higher biofilm contents have been observed in DS I, followed by DS II, and lower in US. In all sampling sites, wood surfaces had the highest biofilm bacterial counts followed by the plastic surfaces before the glass and metallic surfaces. In that order, higher biofilm bacterial counts then water column counts were observed. The obtained results let us to infer that the availability of nutrients and the nature of attachment surfaces directly influence in the biofilm formation in such analyzed ecosystems.
‘Filth flies’ facilitate the dispersal of pathogens between animals and humans. The objective was to study the intestinal colonization with antimicrobial resistant and enteropathogenic bacteria in ‘filth flies’ from Nigeria. Flies from Southern Nigeria were screened for extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-E), Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella sp., Shigella sp., Campylobacter sp. and Yersinia enterocolitica by culture. ESBL-E were tested for blaSHV, blaCTX-M and blaTEM; S. aureus was screened for enterotoxins. Spa typing and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was done for S. aureus and MLST for Escherichia coli. Of 2,000 flies, 400 were randomly collected for species identification. The most common species were Musca domestica (44.8%, 179/400), Chrysomya putoria (21.6%, 85/400) and Musca sorbens (18.8%, 75/400). Flies were colonized with S. aureus (13.8%, 275/2,000) and ESBL-E (0.8%, 16/2,000). No other enteropathogenic bacteria were detected. The enterotoxin sei was most common (26%, 70/275) in S. aureus, followed by sea (12%, n = 32/275). Four S. aureus isolates were methicillin resistant (mecA positive, t674 and t5305, ST15). The blaCTX-M (n = 16) was the most prevalent ESBL subtype, followed by blaTEM (n = 8). ‘Filth flies’ can carry antimicrobial resistant bacteria in Nigeria. Enterotoxin-positive S. aureus might be the main reason for food poisoning by ‘filth flies’ in the study area.
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