Premature ovarian failure (POF) is gonadal failure before the age of 40 years. Several rare causes have been discovered yet we still fail to identify the cause in many cases. Although it was once thought to be a permanent condition, a substantial number of patients experience spontaneous remissions and even pregnancy. HRT remains the cornerstone of treatment and the only proven method of achieving pregnancy in these patients is by ovum donation. New alternatives to HRT and fertility preservation are under development. Basic understanding of ovarian physiology and pathogenesis of POF is necessary for the development of newer therapies.
Women with stress incontinence diagnosed with urodynamics leaked more at cough leak point pressure than the Valsalva maneuver, and women with detrusor overactivity leaked less at cough leak point pressure and more with the Valsalva maneuver.
This article focuses on predisposing risk factors and mechanism of injury for urinary tract injuries at caesarean section. Tips on prevention of injury are followed by a detailed discussion of the management options when injury occurs.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.