The principles of a new speech scrambling concept are presented in this paper, whereby speech components are linearly combined contrasted to their conventional permutation. A computationally and cryptographically efficient solution based on Hadamard matrices is proposed and its advantages shown. The idea is general and easily applies to all existing speech scramblers providing for both lower residual intelligibility and greater cryptanalytic efforts, maintaining the bandwidth and the speech quality.
This paper presents a survey of applications of fuzzy logic in real Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). The use of fuzzy logic in WSNs is shown to be a promising technique since it allows combining and evaluating diverse parameters in an efficient manner. Fuzzy logic is a good approach due to the execution requirements can be easily supported by sensor nodes, while it is able to improve the overall network performance. The potential of fuzzy logic goes beyond traditional systems and can be used in many research fields (statistics, quality control, optimization techniques . . . ), allowing multidisciplinary approaches and performance improvements. In WSNs, fuzzy logic has been used to improve decision-making, reduce resource consumption, and generally increase performance through efficient deployment, localization, clustering and cluster head election, routing, data aggregation, security, etc.
The recent proliferation of global networking has an enormous impact on the cooperation of smart elements, of arbitrary kind and purpose that can be located anywhere and interact with each other according to the predefined protocol. Furthermore, these elements have to be intelligently orchestrated in order to support distributed sensing and/or monitoring/control of real world phenomena. That is why the Internet of Things (IoT) concept raises like a new, promising paradigm for Future Internet development. Considering that Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are envisioned as integral part of arbitrary IoTs, and the potentially huge number of cooperating IoTs that are usually used in the real world phenomena monitoring and management, the reliability of individual sensor nodes and the overall network performance monitoring and improvement are definitely challenging issues. One of the most interesting real world phenomena that can be monitored by WSN is indoor or outdoor fire. The incorporation of soft computing technologies, like fuzzy logic, in sensor nodes has to be investigated in order to gain the manageable network performance monitoring/control and the maximal extension of components life cycle. Many aspects, such as routes, channel access, locating, energy efficiency, coverage, network capacity, data aggregation and Quality of Services (QoS) have been explored extensively. In this article two fuzzy logic approaches, with temporal characteristics, are proposed for monitoring and determining confidence of fire in order to optimize and reduce the number of rules that have to be checked to make the correct decisions. We assume that this reduction may lower sensor activities without relevant impact on quality of operation and extend battery life directly contributing the efficiency, robustness and cost effectiveness of sensing network. In order to get a real time verification of proposed approaches a prototype sensor web node, based on Representational State Transfer (RESTful) services, is created as an infrastructure that supports fast critical event signaling and remote access to sensor data via the Internet.
Speech scrambling procedures may be considered as typical orthogonal transforms applications. This point of view was rarely applied since all the scramblers were based on the same orthogonal transformsimple permutation of speech components (time segments andlor frequency subbands). This approach is regarded as an insecure speech encryption method and recently a new speech scrambling concept was proposed, based on Hadamard transform of the speech components. Linear combination of the speech components based on Hadamard matrices instead of conventional permutation gives better cryptographic performances, maintaining all the good features of the scrambling concept. In this paper scrambling procedures are investigated from two points of view: the transform matrix features as well as the corresponding transform kernel. This theoretical analysis gives a subtle view to scrambling procedures.
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) consist of wireless sensor nodes, where the choice of their deployment scheme depends highly on the type of sensors, their application, and the environment they will operate in. The performance of WSNs can be affected if the network is deployed under different topologies. In this paper various strategies for positioning nodes in WSNs for fire detection (grid, triangular and strip) are discussed. We propose the proper placement of the smoke sensors to satisfy two important network design objectives: to maximize the network lifetime after fire ignition, and to achieve full coverage by using a minimum number of sensors (especially in a deterministic node deployment).
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