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There has been considerable interest in understanding what may have led to Uganda's dramatic decline in HIV prevalence, one of the world's earliest and most compelling AIDS prevention successes. Survey and other data suggest that a decline in multi-partner sexual behavior is the behavioral change most likely associated with HIV decline. It appears that behavior change programs, particularly involving extensive promotion of "zero grazing" (faithfulness and partner reduction), largely developed by the Ugandan government and local NGOs including faith-based, women's, people-living-with-AIDS and other community-based groups, contributed to the early declines in casual/multiple sexual partnerships and HIV incidence and, along with other factors including condom use, to the subsequent sharp decline in HIV prevalence. Yet the debate over "what happened in Uganda" continues, often involving divisive abstinence-versus-condoms rhetoric, which appears more related to the culture wars in the USA than to African social reality.

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Globally, poorer population groups bear a disproportionate burden of avoidable morbidity and mortality from road traffic injuries. The distribution of road traffic injuries is generally influenced by socioeconomic factors. Poor countries bear a disproportionate burden of injuries and fatalities, and within countries, poor people account for a disproportionate portion of the ill health due to road traffic injuries. The main source of data for this paper was the road traffic injury database of the WHO World Health Report for 1999 supplemented by the WHO Global Burden of Disease Study 2000 report, and published and unpublished works. Fatality rates for 0-4 and 5-14 year olds in low- and middle-income regions, measured as deaths per 100,000 population, were six times the rates for high-income regions, while within low- and middle-income regions the rates varied widely. Within poor countries, poor people--represented by pedestrians, passengers in buses and trucks, and cyclists--suffer a higher burden of morbidity and mortality from traffic injuries. In rich countries, children from poor socioeconomic classes suffer more injuries and deaths from road crashes than their counterparts from high-income groups. The disproportionate burden of morbidity and mortality in low- and middle-income countries, and among low socioeconomic groups in those countries, illustrates problems of global inequities in health. The problems can be addressed through policies that focus on the road safety of vulnerable groups.

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Orthogonal‐field‐alternation gel electrophoresis and DNA blot hybridizations have been used to investigate the genomic relationships among trypanosome clones of subgenus Nannomonas. The results indicate that Trypanosoma (Nannomonas) congolense comprises at least two distinct groups of parasites that differ in both molecular karyotype and repetitive DNA sequences. A description of these two groups and their distinction from Trypanosoma (Nannomonas) simiae is presented.

Road traffic accidents are a burgeoning public health problem worldwide. Globally, the problem is ranked ninth among the major causes of mortality and disability, forecast to rise to third position by the year 2020. Africa has experienced a rapid growth in this cause of death. In the Kenyan analysis of road traffic accidents, this chapter takes a creative approach to analyzing policy issues in the transport and road safety sectors. It debunks the myth of purely behavioral explanations for the growing burden of road traffic accidents in Kenya. It points instead to systematic corruption, inadequate labor protection, and lack of alternatives for low-income passengers as root causes of the problem. Rather than fall back on putative and ineffective efforts to influence driver behavior through crippling fines, the chapter recommends a variety of policies aimed at engaging stakeholders and tackling the structural antecedents of the problem.