The problem of disinfection is one of the most urgent problems of surgery. A significant number of postoperative complications is caused by quick propagation and appearance of new species of antibiotic-resistant strains and by a decrease in the immunological reactivity (both general and local) of the human body.The bactericidal properties of hypochlorons acid have long been known. It is widely used for disinfection. Salts of hypochlorous acid (hypochlorites) have never been used in clinical practice because of excessive amounts of impurities and chloride ions in the commercially available preparations of hypochlorite. However, sodium hypochlorite obtained by electrolysis of an NaCI solution was considered as a promising disinfectant.The first studies of electrochemical oxidation based on sodium hypochlorite obtained by electrolysis were performed by Academician Yu. M. Lopukhin. He studied functions of liver cytochrome P-450 and myeloperoxidase (MPO), an enzyme of neutrophilic leukocytes. Neutrophils function as bactericides. Stimulation of neutrophils damages tissues and cells adjacent to them. This destroys erythrocytes, thrombocytes, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells, inactivates enzymes, modifies protein structures, and oxidizes lipids.The bactericidal activity of stimulated neutrophils is caused by active oxygen species produced by these cells. Stimulated neutrophils produce superoxide anion-radicals of oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorite, singlet oxygen, and hydroxyl radical.The bactericidal activity of polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocytes is due to the MPO--H20 2 enzyme system and one of the oxidized cofactors (chlorine, bromine, or iodine ions). This system can produce active derivatives of haloids (hypochlorites, hypobromites, hypoiodites), which are strong oxidants. It is assumed that after adsorption of MPO at the surface of a microorganism, these products of catalysis attack the bacterial cell. It is found that the main product of catalytic activity of MPO is hypochlorite (28%). Hypochlorite is produced as a result of interaction between hydrogen peroxide and chloride ion [2]. This is presumably why exogenous hypochlorite is an efficient disinfectant, having an oxidizing bactericidal function similar to that of neutrophilic leukocytes.Sodium hypochlorite obtained electrochemically from an aqueous NaC1 solution is a perfect carrier of active oxygen. Sodium hypochlorite is produced using Pt-coated titanium electrodes of different size and configuration. There are various modifications of electrolyzers with various optimal voltammetric and time characteristics [1, 3, 5, 8, 10, 12, 13].Aqueous NaCI solution is dissociated by electrolysis into sodium hypochlorite and hydrogen. The following reactions take place at the anode: CI-+ I'-I + + OH--2e ---CIO-+ 2H +, and at the cathode: 2H + + 2OH-+ 2e --, H 2 ? + 2OH-. The concentration of sodium hypochlorite in this solution is estimated from the amount of free chlorine, which is measured by iodometric titration.It is found experimentally that the cont...
Water is the medium in which all processes of vital activity, biochemical and biophysical reactions, occur. The information properties of water are most important to understand. The information properties of water were studied in experiments of Prof. Imoto Masaru (Japan) [10]. Droplets of water in these experiments were frozen and examined using an optical microscope and built in photographic camera. The structure of water crystals was unambiguously demonstrated to depend on the informa tion factor affecting water before freezing. For example, Prof. Imoto Masaru studied the effect of music on the structure of snowflakes. A container with distilled water was placed between two musical speakers for several hours. Then the sonicated water was frozen. The structure of the resulting snowflakes depended of the type of music (Fig. 1).Studies of J. Grander on the non contact biological effect of water are of considerable interest [1]. Tap water treated using the method of Grander was found to be "vitalized". Such treatment caused alkalization of water and modified its redox potential. The water treated using the method of Grander had a remote effect on untreated water and biological objects. The effect was not prevented by a metal screen. There is still no physical explanation of this phenomenon. Therefore, the biological effects of active water were assessed using standard methods of bio logical testing.The water treated using the method of Grander reduces concentrations and lifetime of aqueous bacterial microflora: gram negative microflora, salmonellas, coli form bacteria, thermotolerant bacteria, and allochthonic and autochthonic microflora. The water treated using the method of Grander had a pronounced therapeutic effect on volunteer subjects, the effect vanishing within two days after cessation of water intake. The therapeutic effect of water treated using the method of Grander may last for up to 3 weeks, depending on specific method of treatment [5].Similarly, water is able to process information of other types. In the 1980s Academician V. P. Kaznacheev demonstrated experimental evidence of transfer of bio logical information from one aqueous medium to anoth er [3]. The following experimental scheme was used: one chamber contained cells infected by virus; another cham ber contained cells uninfected by the virus. The chambers were sealed and there was only optical contact between the cambers. The death rate of infected cells was meas ured in chamber 1. Later, a similar process was observed in chamber 2.Human cells were used in some experiments. This phenomenon was certified as a discovery in 1973 [12]. This phenomenon was attributed to modification of intrinsic torsion fields of intact cell culture induced by external torsion fields generated by infected cell culture. Prof. L. N. Lupichev demonstrated that detector culture perceived signals of the inducer culture even in the pres ence of shields made of iron and other materials [4]. Only aluminum shield was effective.For the first time, the effect of external fields...
The efficacy of hemodialysis and its effect on patients with chronic renal insufficiency depends significantly on the quality of the water used for hemodialysis. The content of ions in tap water varies from region to region and changes with the seasons. Also, tap water is disinfected with chlorine, fluorine, or ozone. Normal daily water consumption is 2-3 liters, whereas during a hemodialysis procedure the blood of patient with chronic renal insufficiency contacts through the dialysis membrane no less than 120 liters of dialyzate consisting mainly of water. Thus the quality of water used for hemodialysis is vitally important [1][2][3][4][5][6].Hemodialysis centers usually have water systems in which the water is purified by reverse osmosis. This method provides thorough desalinization and removal of disinfecting components (chlorine, fluorine, etc.). To keep the water sterile, continuous recirculation of water is maintained in the circulation contour of the reverse osmosis system, which is equipped with bacterial filters and ultraviolet lamps. The system is usually installed in a dark room equipped with bactericidal lamps. Reverse osmosis systems have such disadvantages as high cost of the finepore membranes for reverse osmosis and the need to keep purified water sterile for a long period of time.Electrodialysis is an alternative method for purification of water for hemodialysis. During electrodialysis, the previously softened water is purified using direct current flowing between two electrodes. Semipermeable membranes placed in front of the anode and cathode trap anions and cations, respectively. The concentrated solutions of anions and cations collected during electrodialysis are discarded. Electrodialysis also provides structurization of molecules of water in the electric field and sterilization of the purified water.Tap water used for domestic consumption contains various impurities (Table 1). Water used for food procesRussian Scientific Surgical Center, Russian Academy of Medical Scienees, Moscow. 76 sing, washing medical instruments before sterilization, or autoclaving should be additionally purified. Ultra purity grade water is used in radioelectronic, medical, and pharmaceutical industry.There are various classifications and standards of water purity used in various branches of industry, especially in electronics and pharmaceutics, where requirements on water purity are especially strict. The best criterion of the purity of water is its conductivity.There are various systems used for purification of water (Table 2).Ultra purity grade water is usually obtained from tap or artesian water. The purification procedure consists of the following stages: 1) preliminary treatment; 2) demineralization; 3) deionization; 4) final purification. In general, the technology of production of ultra-pure water is based on a number of physical and chemical processes arranged in an optimal order. Dissociated ions are removed mainly during the second stage of purification.There are four main technological approaches to water ...
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