Relatively simple compartmental models of transport of radioactive substances by a uniform flow are quite often successfully used for assessment of concentrations of radionuclides in water, bottom sediments and flood plains of rivers. However, one should take into account specificity of contamination of a river to be simulated. In this work the results of modelling of 89,90 Sr, 137 Cs, and 239,240 Pu migration in the Techa River were compared with observed data. As a result of the comparison the authors have supposed that taking into account of the process of mass exchange between the main stream of a river and underflow is important for the adequate modelling of migration and accumulation of radionuclides (and other contaminants with similar physical and chemical properties) in rivers that were polluted during a long period of time. It is known that underflow of a river can reach 30% of the main stream. The performed analysis of comparison of the modelling results with the observed data has enabled an evaluation of numerical values of parameters by means of which the interaction between the main stream and the underflow may be described. The choice of the Techa-river as an example was not casual. For more than 50 years the "Mayak" plant was fulfilling its important defense mission and discharged contaminated effluents to the Techa-river. As a result the whole river and its basin have become contaminated by long-lived radionuclides. The issues of the Techa-river contamination by radionuclides and simulation of their transport have been given attention over decades by many scientists.
Abstract. In case of an accident at a radioactively dangerous object it is necessary to assess promptly possible consequences. Such prompt assessments are almost impossible without appropriate software modelling tools. Nuclear Safety Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences has developed the set of computer programs that enables experts to assess promptly impact of possible accidents on population and environment. The set of software tools includes: models of radionuclides transport in the atmosphere and water objects (rivers, lakes and ponds). It also includes models of assessment of doses of radioactive exposure of humans. The adequate modelling is not possible without accurate electronic maps of the neighborhood of a Nuclear Power Plant (NPP). Thus the electronic maps of neighborhood of all Russian NPP's are supplemented to the set of tools. The necessary data on local population and water objects surrounding NPP's is also included and stored in GIS-based (Geographical Information System) database. That enables numerical modelling to be done within tens of minutes at most. The GIS enables use of spatial data on fallout of radioactive substances from the model of atmospheric transport to be used as input data for modelling of transport in water objects.
Abstract. Reload of spent nuclear fuel of nuclear submarines and its subsequent transportation for reprocessing may be carried out by the vessel -floating technical base (FTB). Up to 4-5 reactor cores (∼10 16 Bq) can be taken aboard, transportation can occur for long distance. In case of the accidents with infringement of protective barriers, FTB may be a significant source of radiation hazard. Two hypothetical accidents associated with explosion and fire aboard and sinking the FTB are analyzed. In the first case a source term for the release and aerial radionuclide spreading out have been estimated, in second case radiation consequences have been estimated for water way taking into account remaining protective barriers. Main task of the assessments was radiation impact on population and environment at long distances from the source.
The Arctic Military Environmental Cooperation (AMEC) Program is a cooperative effort between the military establishments of the Kingdom of Norway, the Russian Federation, and the United States. This paper discusses joint activities conducted over the past year among Norwegian, Russian, and U.S. technical experts on a project to develop, demonstrate and implement automated radiological monitoring at Russian Navy facilities engaged in the dismantlement of nuclear-powered strategic ballistic missile launching submarines. Radiological monitoring is needed at these facilities to help protect workers engaged in the dismantlement program and the public living within the footprint of routine and accidental radiation exposure areas. By providing remote stand-alone monitoring, the Russian Navy will achieve added protection due to the defense-in-depth strategy afforded by local (at the site), regional (Kola) and national-level (Moscow) oversight. The system being implemented at the Polyaminsky Russian Naval #Shipyard was developed from a working model tested at the Russian Institute for Nuclear Safety, Moscow, Russia. It includes Russian manufactured terrestrial and underwater gamma detectors, smart controllers for graded sampling, radio-modems for offsite transmission of the data, and a data fusion/display system: The data fusion/display system is derived from the Norwegian Picasso AMEC Environmental Monitoring software package. This computer package allows monitoring personnel to review the real-time and historical status of monitoring .at specific sites and objects and to establish new monitoring protocols as required, for example, in an off-normal accident situation. Plans are being developed to implement the use of this system at most RF Naval sites handling spent nuclear fuel. INTRGDUCTIONThis paper discusses joint activities conducted over the past year among Norwegian, Russian, and U.S. technical experts on a project to develop, demonstrate and implement remote radiological monitoring at Russian Navy facilities engaged in the dismantlement of nuclear-powered strategic. ballistic missile launching submarines. Radiological monitoring is needed at these facilities to help protect workers engaged in the dismantlement program and the public living within the footprint of routine and accidental radiation exposure areas. By providing remote stand-alone monitoring, the Russian Navy will achieve added protection due to the defense-in-depth strategy afforded by. local (at the site), regional (Kola) and national-level (Moscow) oversight.AMEC Project Area 1.5 enhances Russia's ability to monitor radiation levels during submarine dismantlement through analysis of ,risk factors, equipment procurement, and improved personnel training. Several successful dosimetry-training programs have been conducted for Russian military officers at 'DOD and DOE facilities. Technologies and approaches for managing radiation hazards have also been shared. In addition, radiationmonitoring equipment has been transferred. Finally, a graphical...
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