The different sizes (3, 4 and 5 cm) of hybrid variety of cauliflower (variety no. 71) were dehydrated in thin layer at three temperatures of 55, 60 and 65°C with velocities of 40, 50 and 60 m/min. Dehydrated samples were analyzed for vitamin C, rehydration ratio and browning. Statistical analysis indicated that drying time was dependent on initial size of cauliflower, drying air temperature and velocity, but rehydration ratio was significantly affected by the combined effect of temperature and airflow velocity. Vitamin C content of the dried cauliflower samples were significantly affected by temperature only and non enzymatic browning was function of temperature, airflow velocity, and combined effect of temperature and airflow velocity. Optimization of the drying process parameters for the given constraints resulted in 60.10 0 C, 59.28 m/min, 3.35 cm. The predicted responses for the optimized combination of process parameters were time, vitamin C content, rehydration ratio, and browning values of 491.22 min (time), 289.86 mg/100 g (Vitamin C), 6.91 ( rehydration ratio), and 0.14 (browning), respectively with the desirability factor of 0.787.
The drying kinetics of four varieties of chillies (Pb-Lal, PbGuchhedar, Pb-Surkh, and CH-1) was studied. The chillies (pricked and unpricked) were pretreated in the dip sol solution. The treated chillies were dried in an automatic weighing experimental dryer at selected temperatures (45 , 50 , 55 , 60 , and 65 C). The results indicated that drying took place in the falling rate period. Out of three models considered, Page's model was found to be the most suitable for describing the drying behavior of chillies. The dependence of drying constant on temperature was analyzed using an Arrhenius equation. The variety Pb-Lal has the maximum value of activation energy (42.59 kJ/mol), which is also reflected in the reduced drying time for this variety. The results of quality studies of dried chillies in terms of capsaicin content and coloring matter indicated that the Pb-Lal variety had acceptable capsaicin content of 532.08 mg and coloring matter of 73.8 ASTA.
Irregular buildings behave differently as compared with regular buildings. Seismic design codes have quantified the irregularities in terms of magnitude only ignoring the effect of irregularity location. In the present study, a single parameter to quantify mass, stiffness and strength irregularity in terms of both magnitude and location is proposed on the basis of the dynamic characteristics of the building. Furthermore, building models with different types of irregularity with variation in magnitude and location of irregularity are analyzed by subjecting them to an ensemble of 27 ground motions to create a seismic response databank. In the analysis, the torsional effects generated due to irregularities in the building systems (as per EC 8:2004 provisions) are included. On the basis of regression analysis conducted on this seismic response databank, equations to estimate seismic response parameters such as fundamental period, maximum roof displacement and maximum inter-story drift ratio etc. are proposed for the irregular buildings in terms of the proposed irregularity index. Finally, applicability of the proposed equations is discussed in brief, and these equations are validated for 2D and 3D building models.Mmodel name, M rmass ratio, S rstiffness ratio, ST rstrength ratio.
Recent work on new approaches and development of yield models for wheat-using space borne remote sensing data in India is discussed. Direct vegetation index (VI)-yield empirical models at farm and district scale explain significant variation in yield. The sensitivity of these models to scene and sensor characteristics and crop discrimination has been quantified. Improvements in direct VI-yield models through addition of weather data during grain filling stage has been demonstrated at farm and district scales. Use of physical approaches for yield modelling through derivation of LAI and spectral emergence and peak vegetative stage from RS data has been presented. The approach showing most promise is to use crop simulation models that inherently integrate response of crop to daily weather inputs with additional RS-derived LAI. Results from such studies in farmer’s fields and at regional scale are reviewed.
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