A detailed investigation of recombination, employing novel indolo[3,2-b]indole donor-based organic D–π–A dyes with variable π-spacers, using various perturbation techniques.
Two organic D–A–π–A dyes (TPCTh and TPCRh), having 3-cyanopyridine as auxiliary acceptor with triphenylamine donor and cyanoacetic acid/rhodanine-3-acetic acid anchoring group, were synthesized and utilized as sensitizers in the fabrication of DSSC.
Three metal-free organic DÀ πÀ A dyes with benzothieno[3,2-b]indole as electron donor, cyanoacrylic acid as both electron acceptor and anchoring group with benzene (BID-1), thiophene (BID-2) and furan (BID-3) as π-spacers were designed and synthesized for application in dyesensitized solar cells (DSSCs). A planar and electron-rich heterocycle such as benzothieno[3,2-b]indole offers better backbone rigidity and improves charge transport properties in comparison to indolo[3,2-b]indole donor, previously reported from our group. Additionally, we synthesized a benzothieno[3,2-b]indole donor grafted with longer alkyl chains which efficiently prevented the approach of oxidized species in the electrolyte coming closer to semiconductor thereby arresting recombination. A power conversion efficiency of 4.11 % was achieved for dye-sensitized solar cells based on the furan π-spacer benzothieno[3,2-b]indole dye BID-3 in comparison to the corresponding indolo[3,2-b]indole dye (IID-3) having an efficiency of 1.71 %. Detailed interfacial electrical measurements along with theoretical calculations disclosed the mechanism of back electron transfer and improvement in photovoltaic performance with respect to variation in both donor and π-spacer.
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