The calorific value is one of the most important characteristics of fuel and it determines the energy content of fuel. In this study, we developed the calorific value predicting program based on proximate analysis of moisture and volatile matter contents using the fuzzy inference system with Tsukamoto method. The moisture and volatile matter contents are used as input and the caloric value as an output. Every fuzzy variable is divided into two linguistic values of fuzzy set i.e. low and high. By evaluation on fuzzy inference rules output, it is found that moisture content has more dominant influence on the calorific value. We also found that the calorific value predicting program has prediction error of about 0 to 1.80 %.
IntisariKajian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh variasi temperatur annealing dan holding time (waktu tahan) terhadap struktur kristal, ukuran partikel, dan ukuran butir lapisan tipis BaZr0,15Ti0,85O3. Penumbuhan lapisan tipis menggunakan metode Chemical Solution Deposition (CSD) atau Sol Gel di atas substrat Pt/Si dengan spin coater. Proses Sol Gel meliputi persiapan sol (koloid), gelation dari sol, dan penguraian pelarut. Penumbuhan lapisan tipis menggunakan variasi temperatur annealing 800 dan 900• C, dan variasi holding time 3 dan 4 jam dengan kecepatan putar 4000 rpm. Lapisan tipis dikarakterisasi dengan XRD dan dilakukan penghalusan menggunakan metode Rietveld dengan program GSAS. Ukuran partikel didapat dengan formula Scherer serta alat SEM untuk mengetahui ukuran butir. Berdasarkan hasil analisis didapatkan bahwa variasi temperatur annealing dan holding time mempengaruhi struktur kristal, ukuran partikel, dan ukuran butir lapisan tipis. Bertambahnya temperatur annealing dan holding time maka parameter kisi semakin besar dengan a = b = c yang berarti memiliki struktur kristal tertragonal. Ukuran partikel semakin besar seiring dengan bertambahnya temperatur annealing dan holding time. Namun, ukuran butir tidak berpengaruh terhadap penambahan temperatur annealing. ABSTRACTThis study purpose to determine the effect of variations of annealing temperature and holding time of the crystal structure, particle size, and grain size on BaZr0,15Ti0,85O3 thin films. Growth of BaZr0,15Ti0,85O3 thin filmsused Chemical Solution Deposition method (CSD) or Sol Gel on the substrate Pt/ Si were prepared by spin coater. These steps the preparation of CSD include sol (colloidal), gelation of the sol, and removal solvent. Growth of thin films using variation of the annealing temperature 800 and 900• CC, and variation of holding time 3 and 4 hours with a rotational speed of 4000 rpm. Thinfilmshave been made then characterized by XRD and refinement performed using the Rietveld method by the GSAS program for to determine the crystal structure. The particle size obtained by Scherer formula and SEM tool to determine the grain size. Based on the analysis it can be concluded that the variation of the annealing temperature and holding time affects the crystal structure, particle size and grain size of the BaZr0,15Ti0,85O3.thinfilm With increasing annealing temperature and holding time the greater the lattice parameters and a = b = c which means it havetertragonal crystalline structure. Particle size greater along with increasing annealing temperature and holding time. However, the annealing temperature variations for the grain size can not be determined.
Fabrication and characterization of activated charcoal briquette made from sago stem midrib have been performed. The sago stem midrib firstly dried before carbonized using kiln drum method. Subsequently, the sago stem midrib charcoal was activated using electric furnace with 650°C of temperature for 5 minutes. Then, the activated briquette mashed and sieved by 80-mesh strainer before moulded into a compaction pressure. The pressure that applied were 34.66 kg/cm2, 69,32 kg/cm2 and 103,98 kg/cm2. Ignition time, burning rate, and burning test were performed to charaterize the briquette quality. The result shown that the higher the pressure applied, the lower ignition time, burning rate and the longer of burning time of sago stem midrib briquette, compared to the unactivated sago stem midrib briquette.
Depositions of BaZr0.10Ti0.90O3and BaZr0.10Ti0.90O3thin films doped with strontium (Sr) have been growth on Pt/Si substrate using the sol gel method prepared with spin coater. Mole percent of Sr is varied to 1%, 3% and 5%, repectively. The characterization of its micro structure showed that the diffraction angle is shifted to the right if the mole percent of the Sr doped is increased. We found that the particle size of BZT with Sr dopant is bigger than BZT without dopant Sr as shown in the morphological characterization result. The thickness of BaZr0.10Ti0.90O3and BaZr0.10Ti0.90O3thin films doped with Sr are about 400 nm. The obtained hysteresis curves of BaZr0.10Ti0.90O3and BaZr0.10Ti0.90O3thin films shown that the saturation values are similar to each other, however the remnant polarization and coercive field geting smaller along with the increasing of mole percent of Sr dopant.
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