For a number of applications it is important to know the location of the boundary-layer transition from laminar to turbulent. At present it is generally recognized that the onset of turbulence is directly connected with the loss of stability of the initial laminar flow. In the overwhelming majority of cases experimental data on the influence of various factors upon the transition location agree well with the calculated data concerning the influence of these factors on the boundary-layer stability, i.e. the theory of stability may be used successfully to predict various experimental dependencies.The boundary-layer stability and the transition are considerably affected by heat transfer from the surface of the streamlined body. But, in this case, experimental data on the transition do not always correspond to the results of the stability theory. In particular, experimental works concerning the effect of cooling of the model surface on the supersonic boundary layer transition yield contradictory results (see e.g. Gaponov & Maslov 1980; Morkovin 1969). Some of the contradictions were removed by Demetriades (1978) and Lysenko & Maslov (1981), but on the whole the problem cannot be considered solved, primarily owing to the fact that many theoretical results have not yet been experimentally confirmed.In the present paper the experimental study of development of small natural disturbances in the boundary layer of a cooled flat plate for Mach numbers M = 2, 3 and 4 is described. It confirms the main conclusions of the linear theory of hydrodynamic stability concerning the fact that surface cooling: (i) stabilizes the first-mode disturbances; (ii) destabilizes the second-mode disturbances; (iii) may lead to the region of unstable frequencies of the first mode being divided into two; (iv) does not affect the interaction of acoustic waves and the supersonic boundary layer.

A joint theoretical and experimental investigation of the influence of the surface permeability and roughness on the stability and laminar–turbulent transition of a supersonic flat-plate boundary layer at a free-stream Mach number of $M_{\infty }=2$ has been performed. Good quantitative agreement of the experimental data obtained with artificially generated disturbances performed on models with various porous inserts and calculations based on linear stability theory has been achieved. An increase of the pore size and porous-coating thickness leads to a boundary layer destabilization that accelerates the laminar–turbulent transition. It is shown that as a certain (critical) roughness value is reached, with an increase in the thickness of the rough and porous coating, the boundary layer stability diminishes and the laminar–turbulent transition is displaced towards the leading edge of the model.

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The evaporation of high purity silicon ingot was performed in Ar, N 2 , and air atmospheres using a power electron accelerator. The obtained powders with primary particle sizes of 10 -500 nm were investigated using Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis (BET), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), photoluminescence measurement, and Raman spectroscopy. The structure and photoluminescence properties of Si(Ar) nanopowder obtained at a large quenching rate differ substantially from those of Si(Ar) and Si(N 2 ) obtained at a smaller quenching rate. Photoluminescence peaks in the visible region of the spectrum are detected at room temperature for the Si(Ar) nanopowders.