We undertook a field survey of ground surface deformation under the influence of the frost heave process. The study has been conducted on the testing sites located in the different areas of the Sredneamurskaya lowland terrain (South of the Far East). It has been established that there is the most advanced alteration of the surface in the flood plains and broad water course valley bottoms, and there is a minimal alteration aslope and at the nearby water-dividing flat areas. Ground surface deformation is more active in the areas where the earthworks had been executed in comparison with the natural areas.
The natural, geological, cryological and hydrogeological conditions and causes of the formation of a catastrophic landslide and tsunami are considered that occurred in the reservoir of Bureyskaya HPP on December 11, 2018. The negative impact of this and other hazardous natural processes on the potential vulnerability of the territory during the water reservoir operation is predicted.
The severity of the climate in the lower reaches of the Amur River, characteristics of the river water regime, dynamics of the channel processes together with meteorological factors determine rather specific ice regime of this river. The freeze-up on the river lasts from 152 (Khabarovsk) to 185 (the city of Nikolaevsk-on-Amur) days, and by the end of winter the ice thickness reaches, on the average, 1.0-1.2 m. Three main types of the ice thickness structure are recognized according to conditions of the ice formation. The first type is much hummocky ice, consisting of the ice fragments frozen together over the entire thickness after the end of the autumn ice drift. It is widespread in channels of the largest branches of the river and is characterized by a thickness up to 2.2 m and the great quantities of terrigenous inclusions-up to 1.064 g/dm 3. The second type is weakly hummocky ice comprising two layers. The upper part consists of fragments with inclusions of terrigenous particles, while the bottom one-of the homogeneous transparent ice thickness frozen during the winter. The third type is the pure homogeneous ice formed during the winter in small branches of the river. Its thickness is about 0.9-1.1 m, and the average content of terrigenous material is about 0,046 g/dm 3. When compared with the climate situation of 1930-1990, the global climate warming of 1991-2013 resulted in a shift in dates of the main spring and autumn ice phenomena by 2-3 days, while the duration of the stable ice cover reduced by 3-4 days.
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