Dynamic changes in forest ecosystems, which can be both short-term and long-term, are assessed on the scale of long-term biologically determined stages, through the determi-nation of age parameters. In this context, the results on the dynamic changes of the components of the aboveground phytomass of Scots pine in the northern steppe zone of Ukraine are presented. Based on the simulated growth tables of the studied modal artificial pine stands, standards for the dynamics of their bioproductivity have been developed for such components of aboveground phytomass as trunk in bark, branches in bark and needles. Modeling and statistical evaluation to determine the phytomass of the aboveground part of the pine stand: wood and bark of the trunk, branches and needles of the crown in a completely dry state. Tables of theoretical distribution of indicators of components of phytomass of pines for an age category from 10 to 80 years are con-structed. Regularities of phytomass changes of trunk components in bark and crown for stands of I–IV classes of quality were found. It is established that the dynamics of changes in the components of both the stem part and the components of the crown is characterized by a gradual increase in phytomass with age. The trend of dynamic changes is similar for all studied rating classes. It is ob-vious that stands of the first quality have the highest productivity of the studied classes. Decreased creditworthiness is accompanied by a gradual decline in productivity. It is investigated that the most significant differences in the phytomass parameters of different qualities are characteristic of older stands. It is calculated that the phytomass of the trunk in the bark varies from 5.4 t/ha (10 years) to 144 t/ha (80 years), and the nature of changes in the phytomass of the crown with age actually reflects the trend of phytomass dynamics of branches compared to pine. A comparative assessment of the dynamic changes of phytomass components of pine stands of the northern steppe part with the results of bioproductivity of pines of Ukrainian Polissya and Forest-Steppe, forest-steppe and northern-steppe regions of the European part, Kazakhstan and Siberia is given. On the basis of the received tables of dynamic changes of bioproductive processes in pines of the Northern Steppe the theoretical substantiation of practical use of normative-reference material for conditions of steppe part of Ukraine is made. The obtained results provide an opportunity to assess the current state of pine forests in the study region and predict the dynamics of their changes, which will allow the objective implementation of forestry measures, taking into account the regional peculiarities of pine formation.
Purpose. To assess the quality of remediated lands of Ordzhonikidzevskyi manganese quarry (Oleksandrivskyi career) on the possibility of their economic use and suitability for soil biota existence, as well as providing recommendations for further rational economic use of them. Methodology. Assessment of quality of remediation lands was carried out by comparing remediated soil bonitet with bonitet of zonal (native) soil. Data collection and processing were carried out in terms of fill layer thickness, humus content in filling top layer, content of physical clay in topsoil and subsoil, granulometric composition of onemeter thick fill layer, topsoil and subsoil salinity (rate), composition and properties of underlying rocks. findings. The research revealed that as a result of implementation of technical remediation stage, a remediated soil was obtained with properties similar to zonal (native) soil previously located within this area prior to mining, and although it has less fertility and greater salinity of deeper layers, it can be used in agricultural purposes after implementation of a biological stage of remediation, which consists of salt-tolerant perennial grass cultivation for 3-5 years. The method of land remediation is currently generalized and well-studied; however, in most rehabilitation schemes on ecological recovery of industry-related areas, completeness of naturalization and functioning of remediated ecosystems is not taken into account, since most of the remediation measures are focused only on vegetation and ground macro-fauna well-being Originality. Novelty of the work is that when assessing the remediation quality, it is proposed to take into account environmental conditions for existence of soil invertebrates, which will play a crucial role in formation of agro-system stability mechanism. These animals make a significant environmental contribution to transformation of soil features, acting as a soil protecting biological factor in organic farming. Practical value. The performed scientific work is part of solution of modern integral ecological task on providing a human with a set of material and intangible services-natural resources and healthy environments.
One of the important tasks of reclamation activities is activation of the natural regeneration or purposeful formation of envi ronmentally sustainable artificial ecosystems that are valuable in economic, environmental, and esthetic terms.Purpose. To assess the reclamation quality of the mining area of the Vilnohirsk Mining and Metallurgical Plant to predict the potential for restoring the ecological functions of the technologically disturbed ecosystem. The object of the study was the re claimed soils of Vilnohirsk Mining and Metallurgical Plant, for which the basic physical and chemical characteristics were studied based on the established procedures; the results are presented in the form of schematic cartograms of the thickness of the humus layer and underlying rocks.Methodology. To implement the ecological direction of reclamation of mining territories, a landscapeecological approach is used, taking into account the need to improve the environmental condition of the area by arranging agricultural land or forest plantations, ordering the territory for recreational needs. For the purpose of soil agrochemical study, soil samples were selected for agrochemical analyses, such as humus content, water extraction, particle composition, and soil moisture.findings. The results of the study demonstrated that during the technical stage of land reclamation of Vilnohirsk Mining and Metallurgical Plant, an artificial soil was obtained similar in its physical and chemical characteristics to the natural zonal middle loamy chernozem on loesslike subsoil that existed within this site before mining operations were carried out. Although this re claimed soil is somewhat less fertile, it can be used for afforestation purposes. The absence of topsoil salinization indicates the similarity of its main physical and chemical characteristics to the zonal virgin chernozem. Thus, the technical stage of reclamation of this site was performed at the appropriate level. The reclaimed soil was characterized by physical and chemical properties posi tive from an environmental point of view (no salinization, humus content value, physical properties). It can be predicted that forest woody species planted in the future on this site will contribute to naturalization and ensure the sustainable development of the newly formed artificial ecosystem.originality. It is proposed to take into account the environmental conditions suitable for soil biota development when assessing remediation quality. These animals make a significant environmental contribution to positive transformation of soil ecological features.Practical value. The performed scientific work is a part of current integral ecological task on providing a human with a set of material and intangible services -natural resources and healthy environments.
<p><span lang="UK">The </span><span lang="EN-US">challenge</span><span lang="UK"> of environmental pollution by various chemicals</span><span lang="EN-US"> occurs during assessment of </span><span lang="UK">pollutant</span><span lang="EN-US">s</span><span lang="UK"> accumulation</span><span lang="EN-US"> in </span><span lang="UK">agricultural plants</span><span lang="EN-US"> and </span><span lang="UK">influenc</span><span lang="EN-US">e</span><span lang="EN-US">of </span><span lang="UK">soil factor</span><span lang="EN-US">s on</span><span lang="UK"> this process</span><span lang="EN-US"> and </span><span lang="UK">identification of </span><span lang="EN-US">fundamental mechanisms </span><span lang="UK">of heavy metals migration in the soil-plant system</span><span lang="EN-US">; </span><span lang="UK">heavy metals </span><span lang="EN-US">hold </span><span lang="UK">a special place among </span><span lang="EN-US">such pollutants. Danger </span><span lang="UK">of heavy metals entering </span><span lang="EN-US">in</span><span lang="UK"> environment </span><span lang="EN-US">is </span><span lang="UK">determined by the fact that</span><span lang="EN-US"> heavy metals do not degrade</span><span lang="UK"> unlike organic pollutants, but </span><span lang="EN-US">can transform</span><span lang="UK"> from one form to another. Contamination </span><span lang="EN-US">a</span><span lang="UK">ssessment of soil and </span><span lang="EN-US">agricultural plants</span><span lang="UK"> by heavy metals (Cd) in the territory of Dnipropetrovsk region was conducted on 29 monitoring sites located on two soil types: </span><span lang="EN-US">ordinary chernozem</span><span lang="UK"> and south</span><span lang="EN-US"> ordinary chernozem</span><span lang="UK">. Cadmium </span><span lang="EN-US">intake </span><span lang="UK">from soil was studied on the main crops: grains and straw </span><span lang="EN-US">of </span><span lang="UK">wheat;</span><span lang="EN-US"> and </span><span lang="UK">sunflower seed</span><span lang="EN-US">.</span><span lang="UK"> Cadmium content was determined by </span><span lang="EN-US">the technique of </span><span lang="UK">atomic absorption spectrometry. Density of probability distribution o</span><span lang="EN-US">n</span><span lang="UK"> cadmium concentration</span><span lang="EN-US">s</span><span lang="UK"> in soils and crop production was obtained by statistical modeling according to logarithmically normal distribution.</span><span lang="UK">It </span><span lang="EN-US">was</span><span lang="UK"> established that only </span><span lang="EN-US">3</span><span lang="UK"> components are distinguished </span><span lang="EN-US">with</span><span lang="UK">in </span><span lang="EN-US">integral</span><span lang="UK"> curve of probability distribution density </span><span lang="EN-US">on</span><span lang="UK"> cadmium distribution in soil with the following sequence: ordinary </span><span lang="EN-US">chernozem</span><span lang="UK">, southern ordinary </span><span lang="EN-US">chernozem,</span><span lang="UK"> and </span><span lang="EN-US">areas</span><span lang="UK"> influence</span><span lang="EN-US">d</span><span lang="UK"> pollution </span><span lang="EN-US">exposures of various </span><span lang="UK">degree. It has been established </span><span lang="EN-US">with</span><span lang="UK">in the region that 23% of </span><span lang="EN-US">w</span><span lang="UK">heat grain crop </span><span lang="EN-US">have </span><span lang="UK">excess cadmium content. Secondary products (straw) have similar characteristics, but with higher </span><span lang="EN-US">average</span><span lang="UK"> values and higher variability. It </span><span lang="EN-US">was</span><span lang="UK"> established that </span><span lang="EN-US">4</span><span lang="UK"> components are distinguished </span><span lang="EN-US">with</span><span lang="UK">in </span><span lang="EN-US">integral</span><span lang="UK"> curve of probability distribution density </span><span lang="EN-US">on </span><span lang="UK">sunflower seed with </span><span lang="EN-US">adequate mean values</span><span lang="UK">:Root system of the investigated plants performs a protective function, which </span><span lang="EN-US">inhibit</span><span lang="UK"> cadmium transport in </span><span lang="EN-US">aboveground</span><span lang="UK"> part of plants and its accumulation in generative and reproductive organs. Biological features of plants, along with the agrochemical properties of soil, can be attributed to the main factors that influence Cd transition from soil to agricultural plants.</span></p>
The change of forest cover in Dnipropetrovsk Oblast within the framework of the concept of agroforestry reclamation development in Ukraine was investigated. It was established that the forested area in Dnipropetrovsk Oblast is currently about 5%, which does not correspond to the optimal level of forest cover for this area, which is determined at 8%. The increase of forested areas within the surveyed territory was observed because of the two such processes, as reforestation and afforestation. In recent years, these processes have shown a steady downward trend in the number of forested areas. Succession series can be fundamentally different in the reproduction of forest plantations due to reforestation and afforestation. During reforestation, the succession series will be much slower, but it will be able to reach climax stage can due to the fact that the plantations will include indigenous plant species. When fast-growing species will be selected during afforestation, plantations will develop more rapidly, but will be much less stable and need constant care. Thus, the processes of forest plantations development in the Dnipropetrovsk region need significant processing and intensification. Until recently, there was no doubt about the beneficial effects of forest vegetation on air quality. A large number of wood species can not only emit volatiles, but also absorb in their biomass a significant amount of toxic elements, such as heavy metals, radionuclides and others. However, recently, due to the large anthropogenic and man-made load on the atmosphere (industrial emissions, transport, pesticides, herbicides, etc.), the process of so-called secondary air pollution has been observed. This is manifested as follows – woody vegetation absorbs toxic substances, processes them into even more toxic and releases them into the air. Significant impact of forests is also observed on the stability of systems. It is known that the higher the species diversity – the lower the dominance index, and the more stable the system. The introduction of new species of woody plants, and behind them new species of fauna increases the diversity of the ecosystem, which is undoubtedly favorable. But on the other hand, this leads to the extinction of typical steppe species, for example, in forest biogeocenoses live a large number of small predators, and most species of steppe birds nesting on the ground can be easily destroyed by them. Forest vegetation significantly changes the landscape. Any woody plants in the steppe create an ecotone, ie the zone of contact of different habitats, which increases the species diversity and, in general, alpha diversity of the territory and, consequently, increases its resistance to anthropogenic and man-made loads. On the other hand, it contributes to the even more intensive disappearance of zonal steppe landscapes, of which there are very few left in the Dnipropetrovsk region due to high population density and a high degree of agricultural development. Forest plantations in the region can be created in two fundamentally different forms – forest belts and forests. It is clear that the creation of forest belts will be timed to the massifs of agricultural land as their main function is to create an optimal microclimate. The creation of forests, first of all, should be aimed at increasing and maintaining species diversity, secondly, it will undoubtedly expand the recreational potential of the region, which is currently clearly insufficient. Currently, when creating any of these types of plantations, there are serious environmental miscalculations. First of all, it is the creation of plantations from allochthonous, that is, from the very beginning species not peculiar to this territory. As a rule, it is a pine or an acacia white. These unpretentious breeds grow quite quickly, well acclimatized, which, of course, makes their use more cost-effective and attractive. But on the other hand, the plantations created from them are much less long-lived than, for example, oak groves typical for this region and, unlike them, require constant care, because they are practically unable to reach menopause.
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