Objective: The aim of our study was to investigate the relation among glycemic control, lifestyle and dietary intake with bone mineral density in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Tertiary care hospital. Participants: A cross-sectional study in a tertiary care hospital was performed. Ninety-two patients attending our diabetes service (56 females/36 males) with diabetes mellitus type 2 were enrolled in a consecutive way. The inclusion criteria were diabetes diagnosed >40 years of age, with type 2 diabetes defined in accordance with the criteria of the American Diabetes Association and no use of dietary supplements. Body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, glucose level, and HbA1c levels were assessed in all patients. X-ray densitometry of the calcaneal region and a 3-days written food record keeping, and a qualitative questionnaire of lifestyle were also performed. Results: A total of 21.7% of patients had osteoporosis (T score <2.5 SD). Patients were overweight with a high BMI and a medium glucose control. Patients with osteoporosis were older than those without osteoporosis (67.8 ± 6.9 vs. 62.1 ± 9.2 years; p < 0.05). Significant differences were detected between patients without and with osteoporosis in calcium intake (1,219.37 ± 387 vs. 839 ± 251 mg/day; p < 0.05) and zinc intake (9.23 ± 3.5 vs. 13.3 ± 6.9 mg/day; p < 0.05), respectively. No differences were detected in other dietary dairy intakes. In correlation analysis age (r = –0.23; p < 0.05) and BMI (r = 0.48; p < 0.05) was correlated with BMD. In univariate analysis with dicotomic variables, only exercise was positive associated with osteoporotic status (87.5% exercise habit in patients without osteoporosis and 25% exercise habit in patients with osteoporosis; p < 0.05). In a logistic model with the dependent variable (osteoporosis), remained in the final model dietary dairy intake of calcium and zinc, BMI, age and exercise. Exercise, calcium intake and BMI were protective factors. Zinc intake, and age were risk factors. Conclusions: Exercise, calcium intake, body mass index had a protective role in bone mineral density in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2. Zinc intake and age were risk factors in our population.
Iron deficiency anaemia was induced in rabbits by repeated bleeding. The leucocyte alkaline phosphatase (LAP) of 26 +/- 28 units was significantly reduced compared with control values of 233 +/- 35 units (P less than 0.001). Leucocyte NBT reduction was also diminished, both in Hanks solution (P less than 0.01) and in autologous serum (P less than 0.001). After administration of iron, these values returned to normal. The results suggest that reduced LAP may reflect a deficiency of iron dependent constituents which are necessary for the integrity of normal granulocyte metabolism.
A precise, although technically complicated method is described for the estimation of iron absorption. A steel chamber is used to measure the total radioactivity of the patients. A dose of 59Fe is administered orally and the retention of radioactivity is measured on the 14th day, this amount being equivalent to the amount absorbed. In our male group, the mean absorption of inorganic iron was 22.5 ± 8%, and in females it was 43.3 ± 11%. In 10 patients with iron deficiency anemia, the mean was 92.2 ± 6%, in 10 with gastric achylia it was 4.6 ± 4%, and in 12 chronic alcoholics a value of 13.9 ± 7% was found.
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