The objective of this study was to examine postfire regeneration of tree, shrub, and dwarf shrub species, in relation to levels of damage in four planted pine forests (Pinus pinea, Pinus pinaster) in Andalusia. A prefire vegetation map was used for detailing species composition, vertical structure, and density and another for detailing the extent and intensity of fire damage. Between 3 and 7 years after the fires, an inventory was made of the vegetation in each area, using the step-point method. The information thus obtained was used to determine the amount of cover in the dwarf/shrub and tree layers, the frequency of species in each of the layers, floristic richness, and diversity (Shannon index). The botanical composition of the dwarf and shrub layer was analyzed using TWINSPAN. Variables were poorly correlated with level of fire damage, which suggests that the forests in this study followed the autosuccession model. Because of the artificial origin or seminatural condition, regeneration of the dominant tree species is poor, and it seems unlikely that forests will recover to their prefire state. Therefore action is recommended to restore these ecosystems.
The effects of nutrient deficiencies on three pine species (Pinus pinaster Ait., Pinus pinea L. y Pinus halepensis Mill.) are studied in this work. Seeds were planted in a mixture of peat and perlita. When the seedlings reached an adequate size, they were transplanted to hydroponic culture and grown for 4 months (April - July, 1998). Nutrient solutions lacking N, P, K, and Fe, and a control solution were used. During this period, morphological attributes (height, diameter, needles length, and dry weight of shoot and root) and physiological attributes (chlorophyll and nutrient content of needles) were measured, as well as visual symptoms produced by the nutrient deficiencies. Differences were observed depending on the lacking nutrient and the pine species. Nutrient deficiencies affected morphological and physiological attributes and caused growth decrease and visual symptoms. Nevertheless, these effects reached different importance depending on the lacking nutrient and pine species. For example, Fe deficiency caused the greatest and quickest effects, whereas K deficiency hardly affected. Deficiencies effects were greater in shoot growth than in root growth. P. pinaster was the most affected pine species.
Mineral deficiencies are common during the seedling growth in forestry nurseries, as well as during the initial establishment of the plantations. The aim of this work was to study the effects of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and iron deficiencies in two Mediterranean hardwood species: Quercus suber L. and Ceratonia siliqua L. The test was made in hydroponic liquid culture, using solutions lacking N, P, K or Fe and a control solution. The test lasted 139 days for Quercus suber and 190 days for Ceratonia siliqua, and was developed with 50% of shade. During this period, morphological attributes (height, dry weight of aerial part and root) and physiological attributes (relative chlorophyll content and nutrient concentration in leaves) were determined, as well as the visible symptoms caused by the respective nutrient deficiencies. Nutrient deficiencies affected morphological and physiological attributes, and in some cases visual symptoms appeared. In addition, other determinations like relative chlorophyll content (SPAD) and nutrient foliar concentration are suggested to assure a correct diagnosis.
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