In order to classify and analyze the parameters of upper body posture in clinical or physiotherapeutic settings, a baseline in the form of standard values with special regard to age, sex and BMI is required. Thus, subjectively healthy men and women aged 21–60 years were measured in this project. The postural parameters of 800 symptom-free male (n = 397) and female (n = 407) volunteers aged 21–60 years (Ø♀: 39.7 ± 11.6, Ø ♂: 40.7 ± 11.5 y) were studied. The mean height of the men was 1.8 ± 0.07 m, with a mean body weight of 84.8 ± 13.1 kg and an average BMI of 26.0 ± 3.534 kg/m2. In contrast, the mean height of the women was 1.67 ± 0.06 m, with a mean body weight of 66.5 ± 12.7 kg and an average BMI of 23.9 ± 4.6 kg/m2. By means of video rasterstereography, a 3-dimensional scan of the upper back surface was measured when in a habitual standing position. The means or medians, confidence intervals, tolerance ranges, the minimum, 2.5, 25, 50, 75, 97.5 percentiles and the maximum, plus the kurtosis and skewness of the distribution, were calculated for all parameters. Additionally, ANOVA and a factor analyses (sex, BMI, age) were conducted. In both sexes across all age groups, balanced, symmetrical upper body statics were evident. Most strikingly, the females showed greater thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis angles (kyphosis: Ø ♀ 56°, Ø♂ 51°; lordosis: Ø ♀ 49°, Ø♂ 32°) and lumbar bending angles (Ø ♀ 14°, Ø♂ 11°) than the males. The distance between the scapulae was more pronounced in men. These parameters also show an increase with age and BMI, respectively. Pelvic parameters were independent of age and sex. The upper body postures of women and men between the ages of 21 and 60 years were found to be almost symmetrical and axis-conforming with a positive correlation for BMI or age. Consequently, the present body posture parameters allow for comparisons with other studies, as well as for the evaluation of clinical (interim) diagnostics and applications.
Background Temporary occlusal changes and their influence on the upper body statics are still controversially discussed. Furthermore, concrete statements on whether age- or gender-specific differences in neurophysiological reactions exist are missing. Therefore, it is the aim of this study to evaluate the immediate effects of a symmetrical occlusion blocking on the upper body posture. These effects shall be investigated for both genders and for a larger age range. Methods In this study, 800 (407f/393 m) subjects volunteered aged from 21 to 60 years. Both genders were divided into four age groups according to decades. The three-dimensional upper body posture was measured by using the rasterstereography (ABW-Bodymapper). The habitual static posture was measured in two dental occlusion conditions (a) in rest position and (b) symmetrical blocking in the bicuspid region by cotton rolls. Results A significant reduction of the trunk length (0.72 mm; p < 0.001), an increase of the lumbar (0.30°; p < 0.001) and the thoracic bending angle (0.14°; p = 0.001), a reduction of the spinal forward decline (0.16°; p < 0.001) and a reduction of the scapular distance (0.36 mm; p = 0.001) was found. Gender-specific reactions can only be recorded in scapular distance, in that regard men reduce this distance while over all age groups women did not show a significant change. Discussion Slight gender- and age-independent reactions due to a symmetric occlusion blockade are shown: A gender independent reaction of the spinal related variables in the sagittal plane (thoracic and lumbar flexion angle, trunk length, spinal forward decline). In addition, a gender specific change of the shoulder blade distance could be observed, where men reduced the distance while female did not show a change. However, since these reactions are of a minimum amount, it can be concluded that neurophysiological compensation mechanisms work equally well regardless of age and sex, and the upper body posture of healthy people changes only very slightly due to a temporarily symmetrical altered bite position.
Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between anamnestic, axiographic and occlusal parameters and postural control in healthy women aged between 41 and 50 years. Materials and methods A total of 100 female participants aged between 41 and 50 (45.12 ± 2.96) years participated in the study. In addition to completing a general anamnesis questionnaire, lower jaw movements were measured axiographically, dental occlusion parameters were determined using a model analysis and postural parameters were recorded using a pressure measurement platform. The significance level was 5%. Results An increasing weight and a rising BMI lead to a weight shifted from the rearfoot (p ≤ 0.01/0.04) to the forefoot (p ≤ 0.01/0.02). A limited laterotrusion on the right resulted in a lower forefoot load and an increased rearfoot load (p ≤ 0.01). Laterotrusion to the left (extended above the standard) showed a lower frontal sway (p ≤ 0.02) and a reduced elliptical area, height and width (p ≤ 0.01, 0.02, 0.03). Thus, the extent of deviation correlated with reduced right forefoot loading (p ≤ 0.03) and the extent of deflection correlated with increased left foot loading (p ≤ 0.01). The higher the extent of angle class II malocclusion, the larger the ellipse area (p ≤ 0.04) and the ellipse height (p ≤ 0.02) resulted. Conclusions There is a connection between weight, BMI and laterotrusion, as well as between angle class II malocclusion and postural control in women aged between 41 and 50 years. Interdisciplinary functional examinations of mandibular movements treating possible limitations can be conducive for an improvement of postural control. Clinical relevance Angle class II malocclusion has a negative influence on postural control.
Introduction. typical symptoms of parkinson’s disease (pd) are motor symptoms. however, the non-motor symptoms, which may occur in any phase of the disease, are now in the center of the clinical attention. these symptoms include neuropsychiatric dysfunctions, dysautonomy, sleep disorders, and sensory symptoms, such as pain. sleep disorders are common in pd patients. Aim. the aim of our study was to estimate the prevalence and characteristics of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (osas) in patients with pd. We also wanted to analyze the sleep architecture in parkinson’s disease using polysomnography. Material and methods. 50 patients who had visited the neurology department of hungarian defence forces military hospital between february 2014 and april 2016 were recruited for the study. Every patient with idiopathic parkinson’s disease stage 1 to 3 was included, regardless of their sleeping complaints. Every patient underwent nocturnal, in-laboratory polysomnography, the results of which were subsequently assessed by a somnologist. sleep stages were distinguished and the apneahypopnea index (ahi) was calculated according to the recommendations of the task force of the american academy of sleep medicine. Results. the total in-laboratory sleep time ranged from 189 minutes to 501 minutes, with the mean value of 298 minutes. total sleep time was reduced (< 5 hours) in 28 patients (56%). sleep latency was prolonged (< 0.5 hours) in 33 patients (> 66%). in older patients (≥ 75 years old), the sleep latency was longer. the normal sleep efficiency of > 85% was seen in only 8 patients. the sleep efficiency ranged from 56% to 89%, with a mean value of 74.1%. 9 patients in our study group had 3 rapid eye movement (rEm) sleep episodes, 37 patients had 2 rEm episodes and 4 patients had only 1 rEm episode. there was a negative correlation between the score on Epworth sleepiness scale (Ess) and the number of rEm episodes. rEm sleep onset latency was prolonged (> 2 hours) in 82% (n = 42) of our patients. periodic limb movements in sleep (plms) were seen in 18 patients. there was a negative correlation between age and plms index. all the patients in our study who had been diagnosed with restless leg syndrome (rls) had plms . sleep latency was prolonged in 7 out of 17 patients suffering from rls. 64% (n = 32) of our patients were diagnosed with osas. the prevalence of severe, moderate and mild osas was 22%, 32% and 10%, respectively. patients with moderate and severe osas (ahi > 15 hours) had higher age than patients without osas (p < 0.005). the mean Ess score was higher in osas patients (p = 0.05). snoring was present in 78% of the osas patients. apnea witnessed by a partner was the most specific symptom, present in 92% of osas patients. We did not find significant differences between the groups with and without osas in regard of updrs (unified pd rating scale) and hoehn & yahr’s modified evaluation scale and schwab & England’s functional evaluation scale. Conclusions. osas is a common sleep disorder in pd patients. it has a higher prevalence in older pd patients and it is associated with greater daytime sleepiness. snoring is the most sensitive symptom, and apneas witnessed by a partner are the most specific symptom of osas in pd patients.
Objectives Symmetrical dental occlusion blocking is used in dentistry as a quick diagnostic tool to test for potential influences of the craniomandibular system on body sway and weight distribution. This study presents the changes of body sway and pressure distribution in healthy subjects, free of a temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD). Immediate effects between occlusal blocking and rest position on body sway and body weight distribution in general, as well as for both genders and for four age decades will be evaluated. Materials and methods 725 (396f/329 m) subjects (neither subjective signs of TMD nor acute/chronic complaints in the musculoskeletal system) volunteered (21 to 60 years) while both genders were divided into four age groups according to decades. A pressure measuring platform was used. Body sway and weight distribution were recorded in two dental occlusion conditions (a) in rest position and (b) symmetrical blocking (bicuspid region) by cotton rolls. Results Both, the frontal sway and the sagittal sway reduced by 0.67 mm (t(724) = − 3.9 (p < 0.001)) and by 0.33 mm (t(724) = − 3.4 (p < 0.001)). The relative pressure under the left forefoot increased by 0.33% (t(724) = 2.88 (p < 0.001)) and the relative pressure overall under the forefoot increased by 0.67% (t(724) = − 3.4 (p < 0.001)). Gender-specific, age-specific and BMI-specific reactions could not be identified. Conclusions Subjects, free of any TMD and with no complaints of the musculoskeletal system, show small changes of the body sway and weight distribution when biting symmetrically on a cotton roll. These changes are independent of age, gender or body mass index (BMI). Due to the relative large sample size, the presented results can also be seen as norm values when body sway is used as an additional assessment of a TMD.
Introduction. obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (osas) has been recently shown to be associated with an increased risk of traffic accidents. Expensive and not widely available polysomnography (psg) is the gold standard for diagnosing osas. the questionnaire developed by the obstructive sleep apnoea Working group in 2013 in Brussells (termed the Brussels Questionnaire) was created as a screening strategy for those who apply for a driver’s license. Aim. the aim of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the Brussels Questionnaire for detecting osas. Material and Methods. 285 patients who reported to the sleep disorders Centre of the neurology department of the hungarian defence forces military hospital for the portable monitoring (pm) completed the Brussels Questionnaire. a score of 10 or higher out of 24 indicated a high risk of osas. the results of the questionnaire were then compared with the results of the pm as well as of the polysomnography (psg) when available. Results. after the comparison of the results obtained with pm and the Brussels Questionnaire, the sensitivity and specificity of the questionnaire were calculated and amounted 0.64 and 0.49, respectively. after the comparison of the results obtained with psg and the Brussels Questionnaire, the sensitivity and specificity of the questionnaire were calculated and amounted 0.83 and 0.55, respectively. the score of 10 points was found to be the optimal cut-off value. Conclusions. the Bruxelles Questionnaire is a simple screening tool for osas in candidates for driver’s license, with a sensitivity of 0.64 and a specificity of 0.49. its specificity and sensitivity are similar to those of other frequently used questionnaires.
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