Background: The incidence, outbreak frequency, and distribution of many infectious diseases are generally expected to change as a consequence of climate change, yet there is limited regional information available to guide decision making.Objective: We surveyed government officials designated as Competent Bodies for Scientific Advice concerning infectious diseases to examine the degree to which they are concerned about potential effects of climate change on infectious diseases, as well as their perceptions of institutional capacities in their respective countries.Methods: In 2007 and 2009/2010, national infectious disease experts from 30 European Economic Area countries were surveyed about recent and projected infectious disease patterns in relation to climate change in their countries and the national capacity to cope with them.Results: A large majority of respondents agreed that climate change would affect vector-borne (86% of country representatives), food-borne (70%), water-borne (68%), and rodent-borne (68%) diseases in their countries. In addition, most indicated that institutional improvements are needed for ongoing surveillance programs (83%), collaboration with the veterinary sector (69%), management of animal disease outbreaks (66%), national monitoring and control of climate-sensitive infectious diseases (64%), health services during an infectious disease outbreak (61%), and diagnostic support during an epidemic (54%).Conclusions: Expert responses were generally consistent with the peer-reviewed literature regarding the relationship between climate change and vector- and water-borne diseases, but were less so for food-borne diseases. Shortcomings in institutional capacity to manage climate change vulnerability, identified in this assessment, should be addressed in impact, vulnerability, and adaptation assessments.
We analyze and clarify the transport properties of a one-dimensional metallic nanoparticle array with interaction between charges restricted to charges placed in the same conductor. We study the threshold voltage, the I-V curves and the potential drop through the array and their dependence on the array parameters including the effect of charge and resistance disorder. We show that very close to threshold the current depends linearly on voltage with a slope independent on the array size. At intermediate bias voltages, for which a Coulomb staircase is observed we find that the average potential drop through the array oscillates with position. At higher voltages I-V curves are linear but have a finite offset voltage. We show that the slope is given by the inverse of the resistances added in series and estimate the voltage at which this linear regime is reached. We also calculate the offset voltage and relate it to the potential drop through the array. Nanoparticle arrays made of metallic 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 , semiconducting 10,11,12,13,14,15,16 , magnetic 17,18,19 or combined 20,21,22 materials and with radii of the order of 2-7 nm can be now synthesized. The transport properties of these systems are influenced by the ratio between the energy level spacing, the charging energy of the nanoparticles, and the temperature. The first two quantities depend on the material and the size of the nanoparticle. In the case of metallic nanoparticles, at not too low temperatures, the level spacing is much smaller than the temperature and does not play any role in the transport 23 . On the contrary, the charging energy is of the order of 0.1 eV. Strong interactions between the electric charges and the possibility of tuning interparticle coupling make nanoparticles arrays an ideal system to study correlated motion 24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42 .Experimentally, these arrays are strongly influenced by disorder 43,44,45 . Local charging disorder is present in all arrays due to randomly dispersed charged impurities lodged in the substrate or in the materials that separate and surround the nanoparticles. Because of the exponential dependence of the tunneling resistance, even a small dispersion in the distance between nanoparticles results in large variations in the tunneling resistances of the junctions. Differences in the island sizes and voids in the lattice can be other sources of disorder 3 .Due to the combination of disorder and charging effects the current in voltage biased arrays is blocked up to a threshold voltage 31,35,43,46,47,48,49,50,51,52 V T . For bias voltages larger than V T current is in general non-linear in voltage with a power-law dependence 43,49,53 close to threshold, a linear dependence recovered at high-voltages and frequently a step-like behavior, called a Coulomb staircase, at intermediate voltages. Most studies have focused on the statistical analysis of the threshold voltage and on the power-law behavior of the current close to this threshold. This exponent depends on the dimensi...
We analyze the equilibrium micromagnetic domain wall structures encountered in Permalloy strips of a wide range of thicknesses and widths, with strip widths up to several micrometers. By performing an extensive set of micromagnetic simulations, we show that the equilibrium phase diagram of the domain wall structures exhibits in addition to the previously found structures (symmetric and asymmetric transverse walls, vortex wall) also double vortex and triple vortex domain walls for large enough strip widths and thicknesses. Also several metastable domain wall structures are found for wide and/or thick strips. We discuss the details of the relaxation process from random magnetization initial states towards the stable domain wall structure and show that our results are robust with respect to changes of, e.g., the magnitude of the Gilbert damping constant and details of the initial conditions.
Domain walls in soft permalloy strips may exhibit various equilibrium micromagnetic structures depending on the width and thickness of the strip, ranging from the well-known transverse and vortex walls in narrow and thin strips to double and triple vortex walls recently reported in wider strips [V. Estévez and L. Laurson, Phys. Rev. B 91, 054407 (2015)]. Here we analyze the field driven dynamics of such domain walls in permalloy strips of widths from 240 nm up to 6 µm, using the known equilibrium domain wall structures as initial configurations. Our micromagnetic simulations show that the domain wall dynamics in wide strips is very complex, and depends strongly on the geometry of the system, as well as on the magnitude of the driving field. We discuss in detail the rich variety of the dynamical behaviors found, including dynamic transitions between different domain wall structures, periodic dynamics of a vortex core close to the strip edge, transitions towards simpler domain wall structures of the multi-vortex domain walls controlled by vortex polarity, and the fact that for some combinations of the strip geometry and the driving field the system cannot support a compact domain wall.
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