An overview of key stages in nanotechnology progress and the world nanoindustry market development has been carried out. A comprehensive analysis of patents, including the growth rate of numbers of patent applications from 2001 to 2014; patent distributions between countries, institutes, and companies; and a compilation of main areas in patent protection is given. The main part of the review is devoted to trends in three primary clusters in nanoindustry: nanomaterials, nano(opto)electronics, and nanomedicine. Characteristics of the most interesting products and technologies in the main fields of interest are presented, including classification, market value, and main applications.
Every year, the production of quantum computers is becoming more productive and cheaper - for example, “The Tsuchongzi” computer uses 56 qubits and is able to solve problems that highlight the possibility of quantum acceleration within a few hours, while classical supercomputers require tens of thousands of years. Currently, IBM allows any Internet user to remotely connect and work on a real quantum computer, albeit with a power of several qubits. Modern cryptography is based on the fact that it is difficult to carry out factorization of integers or discrete logarithm by classical algorithms. But with the use of Shor's algorithm on a quantum computer, these difficulties are easily bypassed. Some of the most popular cryptographic systems - RSA (integer factorization), DH (discrete logarithm), and ECDSA (elliptic curves over finite fields) - will no longer be a reliable tool for data encryption with the advent of productive quantum computers. In this article, post-quantum cryptographic systems are studied and compared with the classical RSA system.
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