Endosulfan (C9H6O3Cl6S; 6,7,8,9,10,10-hexachloro-1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepin 3-oxide) and other agricultural chemicals can be transported from farms to rivers by several airborne pathways including spray drift and vapor transport. This paper describes a modeling framework for quantifying both of these airborne pathways, consisting of components describing the source, dispersion, and deposition phases of each pathway. Throughout, the framework uses economical descriptions consistent with the need to capture the major physical processes. The dispersion of spray and vapor is described by similarity and mass-conservation principles approximated by Gaussian solutions. Deposition of particles to vegetation is described by a single-layer model incorporating contributions from settling, impaction, and Brownian diffusion. Vapor deposition to water surfaces is described by a simple kinetic formulation dependent on an exchange velocity. All model components are tested against available field and laboratory data. The models, and the measurements used for comparisons, both demonstrate that spray drift and vapor transport are significant pathways. The broader context, described in another paper, is an integrative assessment of all transport pathways (both airborne and waterborne) contributing to endosulfan transport from farms to rivers.
A ustralia.
Summary. The invasion of New SouthWales for the first time on record by swarms of spur-throated locust, Austracris guttulosa, in 1973 and the course of the plague persisting for three seasons are described. The laboratory and field testing of chemicals was carried out as a form of operational research prior to the development of a control strategy. The subsequent control campaign in New South Wales was based on the u.1.v. aerial spraying of fenitrothion and diazinon against overwintering swarms roosting in trees. The conduct and impact of the campaign are described in relation to damage caused by the locust swarms. An economic analysis indicated net savings of $A4.3 million in crop losses for an outlay of $A0.5 million.
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