We explored knowledge, attitudes, and practices associated with the menopause transition particular to women in the multi-ethnic cultural context of Singapore. Fifty-eight Chinese, Malay, and Indian Singaporean women participated in interviews that were audiorecorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using thematic analysis. Women from all three ethnicities described an attitude of acceptance surrounding menopause and the changes associated with it. While they thought it was important to be informed, they did not seek out information about menopause and did not view health professionals as useful sources of information. Management practices were diverse and rarely involved accessing health professionals.
Objective: To study the long‐term effects of hormone‐replacement therapy (HRT). Methods: Twenty‐one menopausal Chinese women who were currently on HRT were studied for the long‐term effects of HRT on hemostasis. Another 21 age‐matched healthy women not on HRT served as controls. Results: Enhanced thrombin generation was seen in women on long‐term HRT. Antithrombin III (ATIII) antigen was significantly reduced but not its activity level and so was FVII. Elevated t‐PA activity and u‐PA antigen were seen with reduced t‐PA antigen. Plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 (PAI‐1) levels were significantly reduced together with d‐dimer in HRT. Conclusions: Long‐term HRT was associated with enhanced thrombin generation and countered by enhanced systemic t‐PA activity suggesting an equilibrium state. There was no enhanced cardiovascular risk in long‐term HRT as indicated by the observed reduction in t‐PA antigen, PAI‐1 and FVII levels. However, a larger prospective study is required to confirm these findings.
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