Essential oil (EO) yield and composition of five accessions of Mentha longifolia (L.) L. (leaves) were determined throughout their vegetative cycle by GC-MS and GC-FID analysis. These accessions were selected from individuals of a wild population located in Teruel (Spain). This selection was carried out based on the individual TLC profiles of dichloromethane extracts from leaves in such a way that each accession showed a homogeneous and characteristic composition. The accession rich in -terpineol acetate and carvone acetate has not been previously reported.As for EO yield, all the accessions showed the maximum value in advanced flowering stage. With regard to composition, significant changes were noted in the accession A respect to the relative amounts of its main compounds, piperitone and piperitenone oxides. Similar behaviour was also detected in accession B, in which piperitone oxide was the major compound together with pulegone and piperitenone oxide. As for accession C, carvone acetate showed a considerable increase (6.0 to 20.1 %) during the vegetative growing stage, while the amount of the other major compound (-terpineol acetate) remained stable. Slight or no significant changes were observed in accession D (Z-dihydrocarvone as major compound, 68.3 -73.7 %). Significant changes in the major compounds of accession E (pulegone and isomenthone) were also observed during the initial vegetative growing period. In general, the most noticeable changes were detected at the beginning of the vegetative cycle, whereas the flowering stage showed more stable EO composition. The knowledge of seasonal changes for selected EO chemical profiles should be emphasized because the biological activities are linked with them.
The European Union is promoting regulatory changes to ban fungicides because of the impact their use has on the ecosystem and the adverse effects they can pose for humans. An ecofriendly alternative to these chemicals to fight against fungal species with low toxicity is essential oils and their compounds extracted from aromatic plants. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vitro antifungal capacity of the botanical compounds eugenol, carvacrol, thymol, and cinnamaldehyde, and the synergy or antagonism of their mixtures, against Botryotinia fuckeliana and Rhizoctonia solani. Different bioassays were performed at doses of 300, 200, 150, and 100 µg/mL using pure commercial compounds and their combination in potato dextrose agar culture medium. Growth rate and the mycelium growth inhibition parameters were calculated. Phenolic compounds and their combination inhibited the development of species at the different concentrations, with fungicidal or fungistatic activity shown under almost all the tested conditions. When comparing the growth rates of the species in the control plates and treatments, the statistical analysis showed that there were statistically significant differences. The mixture of compounds improved fungicidal activity against the studied species and at a lower concentration of monoterpenes.
The chemical composition of Essential Oils Satureja montana and Mentha longifolia was determined, and their activity against important phytopathogenic and post-harvest fungi was studied, to evaluate their potential as natural food preservatives. The major compounds were carvacrol (24.0%), γ-terpinene (15.9%) and p-cymene (14.2%) in S. montana , and piperitenone oxide (52.7%) and piperitone oxide (23.5%) in M. longifolia . EOs were tested in vitro on Alternaria alternata , Botryotinia fuckeliana , Curvularia hawaiiensis , Fusarium equiseti , F. oxysporum lycopersici , Rhizoctonia solani and Verticillium dahliae . S. montana demonstrated excellent results. At 300 μg mL −1 the growth of all fungi was inhibited with 100% mycelial growth inhibition (MGI), except for B. fuckeliana (92%). M. longifolia was less effective, and its best result was against Verticillium dahliae (100% MGI) at 400 and 300 μg mL −1 . S. montana EO was selected for in vivo antifungal tests in Cherry tomatoes and kaki “Persimmon” against A. alternata . The S. montana EO biofilm reduced post-harvest fungi development. In tomato, it inhibited up to 90% after 20 days. Necrosis did not occur for 2 months in the persimmon fruits. S. montana EO is an effective non-toxic preservative that can be considered to develop a botanical and enviro-friendly low-risk biofungicide.
The essential oil composition of leaves and roots of twenty individuals of wormwood (Artemisia absinthium L.) belonging to different chemotypes has been investigated. They were obtained from two accesions coming from Hungarian and Spanish wild populations. Essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC/MS and GC/FID.Results showed a great individual variability of wormwood accesions. Based on leaves, three chemotypes (sabinene+myrcene, β-thujone and new sesquiterpene type accounting up to 80.8 % of sesquiterpenic fraction) were found in the Hungarian population and two chemotypes ((Z)-β-epoxyocimene and (Z)-β-epoxyocimene + (Z)-chrysanthemyl acetate types) were present in the Spanish one. The composition of EO of the roots from both locations was predominated by monoterpenic esters (14.5-80.2 % and 59.9-90.3 %, in Hungarian and Spanish samples respectively) but characteristic quantitative and qualitative differences were present. No relationship was found between the composition of EO of roots and leaves of the same plant.
A microwave system can be used as an alternative method to methyl bromide to control rice storage pests. Four rice varieties (Oryza sativa L.) grown in Spain ('Bomba', 'Senia', 'Puntal' and 'Thainato') were irradiated with three levels of microwave energy (0, 70 and 100 J g -1 ). Rice quality attributes were analysed to establish hypothetical quality changes in order to use microwave energy as an alternative method to control pests. Results of the factorial analysis showed that the analysed attributes differed more within varieties than among microwave treatments of the varieties, except for 'Thainato' which, after applying microwave energy of 100 J g -1 , presented a different adhesiveness from the other two treatments determined by factor 1 and 'Puntal' treated with microwaves presented a different water uptake and loss of solids in cooking water determined by factor 3 than the control. The increase in hardness and decrease in adhesiveness as a consequence of the microwave treatment could possibly damage rice quality. This aspect must be taken into account with this method. In conclusion, microwave energy can be used as an alternative method of insect control because it does not seriously affect rice quality. Microwave treatments did not leave undesirable residues and could be as effective at controlling insect infestation as any procedure currently available.Additional key words: desinsectation, grain quality attributes, Oryza sativa. ResumenEfecto de la energía microondas sobre la calidad de cuatro variedades españolas de arroz A fin de analizar la utilización de energía microondas como método alternativo al bromuro de metilo para el control de plagas en arroz almacenado, se irradiaron cuatro variedades de arroz (Oryza sativa L.) cultivadas en España ('Bomba', 'Puntal', 'Senia' y 'Thainato') con dos niveles de energía microondas (0, 70 y 100 J g -1 ). Se analizaron las posibles modificaciones de los atributos de calidad del arroz debidos al empleo de energía microondas. Los resultados demuestran que existen más diferencias de los atributos de calidad entre las diferentes variedades que entre tratamientos microondas, únicamente 'Thainato' con el tratamiento de 100 J g -1 de energía microondas se diferenció de los otros dos tratamientos en el atributo adhesividad determinado por el factor 1 y 'Puntal' tratado con microondas se diferenció del control en los atributos absorción de agua y sólidos cedidos al agua de cocción determinados por el factor 3. El aumento de consistencia y la disminución de la adhesividad como consecuencia del tratamiento microondas podrían ser un posible peligro para la calidad del arroz a tener en cuenta con este método. Por tanto, se puede afirmar que la energía microondas puede ser un método alternativo de desinsectación, ya que no afecta de forma significativa a la calidad del arroz, no deja residuos y es tan efectiva como cualquier método de desinsectación disponible hoy día.Palabras clave adicionales: atributos de calidad del grano, desinsectación, Oryza sativa
Technological feed additives are intended to improve or favourably affect the characteristics of feed but have generally no direct biological effect on animal production. The authorisation procedure for feed additives including technological additives is established by Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003. Article 10 of the Regulation sets the principles of the re-evaluation of feed additives which are already on the market in the EU and/or which were authorised under the previous regulatory framework. The aim of the re-evaluation is to ensure that all feed additives in the EU market are evaluated under the same safety standards taking into consideration the most recent data. The scientific evaluation is carried out by the Scientific Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed of the European Food Safety Authority with the support of the FEED Unit. The evaluation is based on the data contained in the dossiers submitted for the re-evaluation. In 2013 EFSA launched a procurement call for the provision of summary data sheets as part of the preparatory work with regard to the reevaluation of technological feed additives. The analysis of the data contained in the dossiers focused on the identification of gaps between the available information and the data requirements set in the applicable legislation and guidance documents. Seventeen dossiers were then analysed with respect to the requirements for technological additives. For each dossier a summary data sheet and a list of missing information was elaborated. With regard to the completeness of the information, gaps have been identified in all three main sections (identity, safety and efficacy) in all of the dossiers reviewed. Such gaps might delay the evaluation process preventing risk assessors to conclude on all aspects of the safety and efficacy of the additives. Disclaimer: The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as authors. This task has been carried out exclusively by the authors in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the authors, awarded following a tender procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European Food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors. The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as authors. This task has been carried out exclusively by the authors in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the authors, awarded following a tender procedure. The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It may not be considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European Food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position a...
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