This paper explores the practice of using ash and slag and fly ash from thermal power plants in road construction as one of the ways to dispose of industrial waste. The purpose of the study is to determine the chemica l composition of TPP ash and slag to study the possibility of using it as a raw material for road construction. To achieve the goal, the following tasks were set: to determine the main physical and chemical properties of ash and ash and slag from thermal power plants, to give an environmental assessment of the use of these wastes in road construction. Chemical analysis of ash and slag from Zmievskaya, Krivorozhskaya, Trypilskaya, Slavyanskaya TPPs was carried out to determine the main components: SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaO, MgO, SO3, Nа2О and К2О. The content of heavy metals was determined using the method of atomic absorption analysis. The migration ability of heavy metal compounds from the roadway using ash and slag in the construction of roads has been studied using the construction of concentration-logarithmic diagrams. To predict the migration of heavy metal compounds into the environment when they are used in road construction, a separate dependence of the concentration of the most probable ions was plotted (for example, cuprum) [Cu(OH)n 2-n] on the pH of the environment. The lack of migration of cuprum compounds in a neutral and alkaline environment has been proven, which makes their use safe. Similar calculations were made for other metals.
The business community and governments around the world are aware of the need to accelerate the process of digitalization and digital transformation of the economy in order to achieve a competitive position in the digital space of the new world economy, including in the field of occupational safety management (SWOP). The mechanism of digitalization in OSH remains insufficiently studied, which necessitates the development of tools for its implementation, evaluation and management. The benefits of digitalization for industrial safety are incredibly high: it is easier to manage resources, and quick access to more information about the use of personal protective equipment, training, medical examination, etc., the formation of digital culture. The purpose of this research was to consider the prospects and problems of implementation of information technology in the field of occupational safety, identify features of industrial enterprise management in the context of digitalization. To achieve this goal, the method of SWOT-analysis was used. The study revealed some problems in the implementation of digitalization in the management system of labor protection. The spread of digital technologies in all sectors of the economy and vital spheres of society actualizes the study of the degree of readiness for change, which involves monitoring the state of occupational safety. Transformations in the labor market and ensuring the safety of the production process are associated with job losses, the emergence of new professions and changes in the competencies of employees. Digitalization is aimed at the introduction of adaptive practices of professional development, the development of motivation in the implementation of all instructions on occupational safety.
Purpose. The aim of the study is to analyze the geochemical composition of ash and slag waste at the Zmiiv Thermal Power Plant (TPP) and to identify the features of migration of heavy metals (HM) from the place of storage of ash and slag waste into the ecosystem. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were solved: geochemical analysis of ash and slag waste at Zmiiv TPP; study of the reliability of HM migration into the soil in the places of ash and slag waste storage. Methods. The content of heavy metals in ash, slag and soil were investigated using atomic absorption analysis (AAA) on a spectrophotometer S-115. X-ray diffraction analysis was used to determine the solid inorganic part of ash and slag. Results. Ash and slag of Zmiiv TPP contain Cu, Cr, As, Cd, Ni, Pb in quantities that are several times higher than the maximum permissible concentration (MPC). For ash and slag waste, the total pollution index is Zc = 43, which corresponds to a high level. That is, this artificially created horizon is dangerous. HM migrate into groundwater and into the soil near the ash dump due to the infiltration of atmospheric precipitation, emissions from water pipelines, filtration of water through the base of the ash dump of the Zmiiv TPP. To determine soil contamination near the ash dump, soil analyzes were performed at a distance of 0 ... 100 meters. At a distance of up to 100 meters from the dump, there is an excess of MPC in the soil for the content of Ni, Cu, As, Cr. At a distance of up to 100 meters from the dump, an excess of the MPC in the content of Ni, Cu, As, Cr is observed. Concentration factor exceeds unity for Cr, As, Cu, Cd, Ni. The content of Pb and Zn reaches background values only at a distance of more than 100 meters. The calculation of the total soil pollution indicator allows us to classify these soils as moderately hazardous and permissible. However, there are several significant disadvantages of the Zc indicator. First of all, it does not take into account the differences in the potential hazard of chemical elements, and, most importantly, the synergistic effects of polymetallic pollution. The coefficient of the synergistic effect of heavy metals is 26.64 (in the soil of the ash dump), then it decreases, but even at a distance of 100 meters it is 11.23, that is, at a distance of 0 ... 100 m from the ash dumps, the condition of the coefficient of synergistic effect is less than one. It has been established that Cu, Ni, Zn and Cr are characterized by low mobility in the soil near the ash dump, therefore they accumulate in the ecosystem near the ash dump, which is explained by the neutral and slightly alkaline soil pH values (pH = 8.0 ... 8.5). The ratio of mineral phases to glass is unstable; however, it should be noted that aluminosilicates, calcium silicates and glass predominate in ash and slag. Сompounds with HM are confined mainly to amorphous clay aggregates and sooty-carbon formations of ash, to a lesser extent to slag glass and even less to grains of quartz sand. Conclusions. Since the ash contains such fractions that can be easily carried by wind, it should be assumed that the HM entry into the ecosystem is also by air, which also contributes to air pollution. The solution to the problem of ash and slag waste disposal should be found in the production of building materials, in road construction, but it is necessary to study the composition of ash and slag and the probability of HM migration depending on the conditions of use.
Recently, new learning technologies with elements of virtual and augmented reality have been created to eliminate the discrepancy between the necessary and existing competencies of employees. They can be used in the field of occupational safety or training young professionals in safe work practices. VR/AR technologies should be aimed at improving safety at work through the introduction of digital instructions and training in virtual reality, simulating both regular and extreme situations. VR/AR technologies help to reduce time costs and possible errors, increase productivity and efficiency, and also reduce the risk of industrial injuries. The importance and prospects of modern AR/VR technologies for ensuring labor safety are shown. The analysis of modern foreign and domestic research and development of the VR/AR interface in the field of building a labor protection management system has been carried out. Emphasis is placed on the formalization of the concept of using AR tools to ensure production safety. A SWOT analysis was carried out to assess the main problems and risks of introducing VR / AR technologies to ensure labor safety. During the analysis of technology application cases, data was obtained that allowed to identify the weak and strong sides of the technologies, the possibilities of their application and the threats faced by the companies. To systematize information from sources, a SWOT matrix was constructed. We will present a SWOT analysis of AR/VR technologies to ensure labor safety. One of the strengths can be considered "a variety of applications", which confirms the promise of using AR / VR tools. With proper use of the potential of technology, companies will be able to achieve the desired benefits by increasing employee productivity, improving work processes, effectively building a labor management system, deepening the professional competencies of their employees, and reducing the likelihood of accidents or accidents at the enterprise. Keywords: VR/AR technologies, industrial safety, labor protection.
The aim of the work is to increase the reliability of remote methods of measuring the surface temperature of the human body. Common use of non-contact infrared (IR) devices for temperature screening. But it is important to pay attention to the accuracy of these systems to identify visitors or staff with an infectious disease. The following areas of improvement of metrological characteristics of non-contact devices for measuring human body temperature in a pandemic are identified: 15 cm, the presence in the equipment of a calibrated thermostable source of radiation, called the absolute black body (APT). An effective method of providing the most accurate measurements of skin surface temperature is associated with the use of "baseline sampling". To implement this method, a thermal imager measures the temperature of a specially selected group of perfectly healthy people, with whom the temperature of all others is compared. As a result of the conducted research the requirements to carrying out measurements of body temperature by IR thermometers for reception of reliable results are substantiated and offers on maintenance of these requirements for the purpose of increase of collective safety are put forward. It was found that the lack of calibration when measuring the body temperature of 50 university visitors with an IR thermometer is the cause of gross systematic error, which needs to be corrected by correcting. To increase the reliability of measurements, it is necessary to develop and test a simple and effective method of calibrating IR thermometers, suitable in normal operating conditions. Therefore, it is necessary to calibrate the IR thermometer before the measurements, which eliminates the systematic measurement error. The practical significance of the study is to determine the optimal conditions for the use of the device for non-contact temperature screening in a pandemic. The results of the work will be useful both for further study of increasing the reliability of the results of remote temperature measurement, and may be useful in the learning process.
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