This paper presents the system architecture and communication system design of a new hybrid digital twin (HDT) system for smart grid cyber security studies. The HDT system emulates the smart grid cyber-physical system using MATLAB-SIMULINK model (digital) and single board computers (physical). The methodology to establish the HDT including the network segmentation using configurable network switch and communication protocol using Node-RED is described in detail. The performance of the HDT communication system in terms of round trip time between the digital and physical models and within network components in the physical model is also studied. The development of the HDT will provide a new reconfigurable, scalable and low-cost platform to study the cybersecurity vulnerabilities in smart grids and other cyber-physical systems.
This paper presents the design and performance of a low-cost, low-power remote condition monitoring (CM) solution for large-scale solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. The developed CM solution utilises ESP-NOW and Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) wireless communication protocols for data exchanges. The developed solution operates in selfpower mode, with each IoT node capable of monitoring up to 16 channels of voltage, current, and temperature of the PV panels. The 2.4GHz ESP-NOW wireless communication protocol is used for data transfer between the IoT nodes in a many-toone configuration. The transceiver node stores messages from all IoT nodes and broadcasts them via the LoRaWAN network to the server. The developed hardware and software solutions were tested to measure the accuracy and reliability of the CM system. As a result, a fully-functioning low-cost solar PV CM system is developed, with an overall sensor measurement error of less than 3%, with an average Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) of -105dBm in non-line-of-sight conditions.
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