Embedded systems are used extensively in all spheres of life. Size, cost and power are the major issues in design and marketing of these products. In embedded system, the processor has to perform given task repeatedly. Power optimization need to be achieved not only at hardware level, but also at software level. Because software power contributes substantially in overall power consumption of embedded system. In this paper, a simplified method for instruction level energy estimation is presented for ARM Cortex M4 processor. Results obtained are compared with micro benchmark programs. The result shows less than -2% error in energy consumption estimation.
Abstract-Losses of distribution transformers (DT) in a distribution system (DS) depend on mainly load. Actual measurement of these losses is in substation (SS) feeder circuit is not easy due to many inconveniences like difficulty in installation of meters, unfavourable locations and conditions. But as the DT losses are sizeable they need to be considered for overall loss calculations. In this paper, an approach is developed to estimate the DT losses in a feeder circuit. Losses of individual DTs are calculated and summed up to give the losses due to DT circuit. A sample case of a large power system is considered. The losses are calculated by the said approach. The overall DT circuit losses are 8.57% of the total import.
Advancements in technology have increased the energy demand. With constraints in supply, the gap between supply and demand is alarmingly increasing. This is now a global problem. It is essential to consider some measures to meet this difficulty. Among all the known methods, improvement of Energy Efficiency (EE) and efficient use of energy is the acceptable remedy. In this paper, significance of EE is discussed. Need for improving EE in Small Scale Industry (SSI) is discussed. The potential for EE are explored. Various energy consuming components in industry are enumerated. Based on these, strategies to improve EE in SSI are suggested. An energy saving model is presented which can be used for any energy system. Among the strategies, Energy Management (EM) strategy, various EM technologies, implementations and their impacts are discussed. A sample of working SSI is considered for implementation of these strategies. A study of the system is made for five months before and after the actions taken. Comparison of two cases shows that there is clear improvement in EE in the SSI due to saving of energy.
Spherical parallel manipulator (SPM) finds in many engineering applications like aerodynamic simulators, medical devices, precision machine tools and telescopes. The dynamic characteristic of SPM plays an important role in determining the performance and stability of the manipulator. The present paper reports modal analysis of a 3-DOF SPM with full-circle twist model. A solid model of the SPM is developed using Unigraphics Nx and imported into Ansys for modal analysis. First, three fundamental natural frequencies and mode shapes are extracted. Natural frequencies are validated with the experimental results.
Embedded systems are portable battery powered devices that have limited power resource. Hence, most of embedded systems need to meet energy constraint. Performance and energy consumption are the most important metrics for embedded system design. Estimation of performance, energy utilization and its validation are essential for embedded system design. Attempt has been made to precisely measure software energy consumption by three methods on ARM Cortex M4 processor. The results are validated with five benchmark programs. Tedious calculation of inter instruction cost has been minimized by taking it as certain percent of total energy. Percentage error between actual and estimated energy is found to be less than 5%.
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