Interference testing is a common tool for addressing reservoir connectivity and compartmentalization risks. Due to the high costs of deep-water and ultra-deep-water extended well testing, this type of test is rarely performed during the appraisal phase and is usually postponed until the start of the field development. With the infrastructure in place, testing can be carried out with minimum planning and at a minimum cost. This is generally acceptable for fields with a lower subsurface complexity. However, for complex turbidite fields, this information becomes critical at the appraisal and early development planning stages to reduce the risks in depletion optimization and production infrastructure planning. To make testing practical, it has to be performed in a way that minimizes rig time and de-risks collection of required data. To optimize the interference test design for the West Africa deep-water field appraisal phase, a simulation study was carried out to assess the impact of major uncertainties. A fine-scale 3D simulation model was used due to high heterogeneity and complex connectivity between individual channels and channel complexes. Impact of the drawdown rate, flow duration, tidal effect amplitude, OWC, faults transmissibility, absolute permeability, reservoir pore volume, and zones connectivity on interference time for different selections of test and observation wells were assessed through the sensitivity runs. Results were analyzed to get a better understanding of reservoir dynamic response such as pressure travel time and potential interference between zones. Based on this study a flexible interference test plan was defined that ensures optimal rig use and minimal risk of sub-optimal dataset collection. This plan embeds both pre-test decisions and real-time decisions that depend on early time observations. An optimal test and observation wells setup that provides a balance between the rig time and value of information will depend on the planned appraisal well results and is one of the decisions to be finalized before the test. However, decisions on flow duration adjustment and consequent data monitoring in the observation wells will be made based on a set of early time events identified from the sensitivity of pressure interference response between different zones and wells. The proposed uncertainty driven approach provides an obvious advantage over the common test design based on the "best technical estimate" model. It also provides a better basis for test feasibility decision and cost-effective implementation.
Characteristics of the composition of crude oils of terrigeneous deposits of the Volgograd region alongthe Volga are examined. It is demonstrated that crude oils of these deposits are light, paraffinic, low-sulfur, and low-resin. Their original parent matter is represented by the specific organic matter of terrigeneous deposits, which accumulated and metamorphosed under reducing conditions.The composition of crude from the Volgograd region is distinguished by broad diversity, resulting from complex multistage formation, reformation, and breakdown of deposits within a broad generational-accumulation system of the subsalt Paleozoic on the western border of the near-Caspian depression and its platform-like continuation. In this system, the crudes, which are confined to deposits of the terrigneous Devonian in the extreme northwestern section (right-bank) of the Volgograd region along the Volga, are particularly isolated. This is the western boundary of the commercial petroleum content of the border section in the near-Caspian depression, which is attracting the attention of researchers for various reasons. The Tersa field falls within the region in question. Characteristics of the crude from these deposits, which are also characteristic of other crudes from the Volgograd region along the Volga, are examined in this study based on crude extracted from well No. 76 in the Tersa field.A basic characteristic of the Tersa field is its finely-divided block structure, and complicated disjunctive tectonic and lithologic nonuniformity of the seams with respect to area and section, which have affected the properties of the crudes. The western boundary of the Tersa structure is a regional longitudinal fault. Two seams of the Ardatovsk horizon, which are represented by a terrigneous complex of rocks, are oil-bearing in the field.The crudes of this region have a density ranging from 800 to 810 kg/m 3 , and a gas contant of from 70 to100 m 3 /ton, and contain 8-15% of solid paraffins. The crudes are low-sulfur and low-resin. These crudes are a valuable feedstock for the production of high-index oils, waxes, etc. Based on physico-chemical properties
The results of nine American thermonuclear explosions in the period [1952][1953][1954][1955][1956][1957][1958][1959][1960][1961][1962][1963][1964][1965][1966][1967][1968][1969] in which transplutonium elements were synthesized as a result of multineutron capture by the initial materials have now been published [1, 2]. In these experiments oo the fluence of thermalized neutrons (neutron exposure) 0 = J" nvdt , where n is the neutron density, v is the velocity of the 0 thermalized neutrons, and t is the time, increased gradually. Other conditions remaining the same, the maximum number of neutrons which the nuclei of the starting material can capture depends most strongly on the neutron fluence achieved. In the last US experiment (Hutch, 1969) the fluence reached 2.4.1025 cm -2, which gave the maximum relative production of 25~ on the starting 238U. The last synthesized mass in these experiments was 257Fm, which forms as a result of 19 captures on a 238U nucleus.Different starting substances were investigated in the experiments: 232Th, 237Np, 238U, 242pu, and 243Am [1, 2]. It was concluded on the basis of the experimental results that a 238U target is most effective for synthesizing long-lived isotopes, though a large number of captures is required (for 4-5) than on 242pu and 243Am. This fact is interpreted by the American scientists as evidence of strong f'ussability in the plutonium and americium chains. This circumstance could preclude the use of even heavier targets, even though with time they become increasingly more accesssible.In the present paper we present the results of a Soviet experiment, conducted in 1966, in which isotopes were obtained separafly in the 238U and 243Am chains as a result of rapid extraction of radioactive samples and rapid chemical analysis. The experimental data show that there is a much higher yield of isotopes in the americium chain, which is at variance with the American data on the relative effectiveness of the starting substances 238U and 243Am. In the American experiments, because the radioactive samples were obtained at a late time, it was not possible to separate experimentally the yield from the starting substances, and the conclusion that 243Am is less effective than 238U was drawn on the basis of an analysis of the total yield. Method for PerformIng an Experiment and the Results of Physical Measurements. The "Zond" experiment was performed on June 29, 1966, on the Semipalatinsk test area. The energy released in the experiment was comparable to that in the American experiment "Cyclamen." The starting target was mixed uniformly with thermonuclear fuel --the neutron source. At the time of the thermonuclear explosion 60 g of 238U and 0.17 g of 243Am were present in the region of high neutron flux. Moreover, the indicator substances were placed under the same conditions: 3 g 197Au and 1.2 g 169Tm.A special system, making it possible to obtain radioactive samples 1.5 h after the explosion, was developed for rapid sampling. The sample size was equal to 10 -8 of the total amount of ...
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