The dynamics of changes in electrophysiological measures of the sleep-waking cycle were analyzed in Wistar rats after 6 h of sleep deprivation by gentle waking and subsequent 9-h post-deprivation sleep. A delayed sleep "overshoot" reaction was observed 2.5-3 h after sleep deprivation, as a moderate increase in the proportions of slow-wave and fast-wave sleep in the sleep-waking cycle. Immunohistochemical studies were performed in relation to changes in the sleep-waking cycle, with the aim of identifying changes in the quantities of immunoreactive dopamine D1 and D2 receptor material and tyrosine hydroxylase, the key enzyme in dopamine synthesis in the nigrostriatal system. In conditions of sleep deprivation, the caudate nucleus showed increases in the quantities of dopamine D1 and D2 receptor material, while there was a simultaneous decrease in the amount of immunoreactive material in the substantia nigra. Post-deprivation sleep was accompanied by decreases in the quantities of immunoreactive D1 receptor material and increases in D2 receptor material in the caudate nucleus, with an increase in the quantity of immunoreactive tyrosine hydroxylase in the substantia nigra. These data provide evidence of the active role of the dopaminergic nigrostriatal system which, along with other CNS transmitter systems, supports telencephalic-diencephalic interactions, in the sleep-waking cycle.
The aim of the present work was to study the involvement of the dopaminergic system of the telencephalic and diencephalic areas of the vertebrate brain in the organization of the sleep-waking cycle in cold-blooded and warm-blooded vertebrates. Immunohistochemical studies of tyrosine hydroxylase content, this being the key enzyme in dopamine synthesis, in the striatum, supraoptic and arcuate nuclei, and zona incerta of the hypothalamus of sturgeon and mammals (rats) of three age groups (14 and 30 days and adults), in conditions of tactile and sleep-deprivation stressors. In fish, transient stress was followed by the detection of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive cells in all parts of the brain. In prolonged stress, tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive cells and fibers were not found in the forebrain, though they were well represented in the hypothalamic nuclei. In 14-day-old rat pups, 2-h sleep deprivation increased the tyrosine hydroxylase content of fibers in the caudate nucleus and cells in the zona incerta of the hypothalamus, while 30-day-old animals subjected to 6-h sleep deprivation showed increases in tyrosine hydroxylaseimmunoreactive material contents in cells in the paraventricular nucleus and decreases in the quantity in fibers. In adult rats, the arcuate nucleus and zona incerta showed decreases in the content of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive material on the background of sleep deprivation, with increases during postdeprivation sleep. These data are discussed in the light of the phylo- and ontogenetic development of the neurosecretory and neurotransmitter functions of the dopaminergic system in the evolutionarily ancient diencephalic and evolutionarily young telencephalic areas of the vertebrate brain as major systems triggering and maintaining the functional states of the body during the sleep-waking cycle.
Многие острые и хронические патологические состояния сопровождаются активацией свободно ра дикальных окислительных процессов [1-3]. По мне нию ряда авторов, они способствуют адаптации орга низма к экстремальным условиям [1, 4]. С другой стороны, свободно радикальные процессы рассмат риваются, как основное патогенетическое звено мно гих заболеваний [1], оказывая отрицательное влия ние на различные органы и системы организма. В на стоящее время отсутствуют сведения о влиянии окислительного стресса на гемореологические пока затели у больных с острыми отравлениями, измене ния которых являются одним из важных факторов, ведущих к нарушениям кровотока на уровне микро циркуляции [3]. Возможно, что немалая роль в этих изменениях принадлежит интенсификации свобод норадикальных процессов. Цель исследования-оценить влияние интенсив ности окислительного стресса на показатели геморео логии при острых отравлениях психофармакологичес кими средствами.
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