Objectives: To evaluate the prevalence and awareness of caffeine consumption among medical students. Study Design: Descriptive Cross-sectional study. Setting: Rawal Institute of Health Sciences Islamabad. Period: April 2018- October 2018. Material & Methods: Study carried out on 220 medical students both male and female of first year to final year class of Rawal Institute of Health Sciences Islamabad, using the non-probability convenience sampling method. The interview method was used by filling the structured close ended questionnaire by the researcher (myself). The questions asked were about different parameters related to Prevalence of caffeine consumption among students like; gender distribution, preferred choice of caffeine and caffeine awareness among medical students. The responses were noted and the frequencies calculated in percentages. Results: Out of 220 respondents, majority students were females 128 (58.2%), maximum from third year class 78 (35.5%). Response to different questions was as follows; Preferred choice of caffeine was tea 92 (42.8%). Daily intake of caffeine was less than 5 cups 128 (58.2%), Season of increased consumption was summers 109 (49.6%), total years of caffeine consumption was 11-16 years 182 (82.7%), feel energetic with caffeine 142 (64.5%), feel agitated without caffeine 105 (47.7%), developed habit from family 122 (55.5%). Can survive without caffeine 132 (60%), caffeine damages the body 136 (61.8%), caffeine benefits the body 122 (55.5%), willing to quit caffeine 154 (70%). Conclusion: The results showed that majority of students were using caffeine without sufficient awareness of its adverse effects, withdrawal symptoms and benefits.
A mixture of five plant growth-promoting rhizobacterial strains belonging to the genera Azospirillum, Azoarcus, Pseudomonas and Zoogloea was used to inoculate rice seedlings growing in microplots. The population of these bacteria, as well as the indigenous bacterial population in the rice rhizosphere, was determined at 4-week intervals throughout the growth season. In rhizosphere soil a continuous increase in total bacterial population (CCM-plate counts) in both inoculated and noninoculated plots was noted until 3 months after transplantation, while the maximum population of diazotrophic bacteria (ARA-based MPN counts) was observed I month after transplantation. A larger number of bacteria was found associated with plant roots (107/g) as compared to those present in rhizosphere soil (l06/g). The total bacterial population (plate counts) in plant roots showed a continuous increase until harvest, while the population of diazotrophs (MPN counts) started declining I month after transplantation. Considerably higher levels of nitrogenase activity (ARA) were noted in the roots of inoculated plants as compared to those of noninoculated plants, where only a small number of diazotrophic bacteria were detected. The population of one Azospirillum strain (N-4) used as inoculum was determined by using selective media containing antibiotics, morphological characteristics, reaction with fluorescent antibodies and ARA of re-isolates. The maximum number of cells (lAX 10 5 /g) of this strain were detected in the roots I-month after seedling transplantation from the nursery, constituting about 004% of the total bacterial population and 2% of the diazotrophic population.
ABSTRACT... Objectives:To determine the efficacy of Local Education System and GCSE system by comparing the scores obtained by first yearMBBS students of both streams of education in the first professional exam. The study also determined the effect of education systems on the study habits of these students. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Rawal Institute of Health Sciences, Islamabad. Period: June 2015 to June 2016. Methods: Students of first year MBBS were interviewed by the researcher by using a close ended questionnaire to compare the study habits between the two groups. First professional exam scores and study habits were noted and compared in both the groups of students coming from two different educational systems by applying Independent Sample T test and Chi Square (χ 2 ) test of independence, respectively, using SPSS 21 version. Results: After analysing the data gathered, it was found that students from both the systems performed equally in the first professional exams irrespective of their educational background, hence there is no relationship between the type of secondary education and performance in professional examinations. Similarly, there was no association between the study habits and the system of education. Our study concludes that study habits are personal traits and vary from one student to another student. Conclusion: The performance of students cannot be calculated simply through the system of education because of the complex and intermingled associations between cognitive, affective and contextual factors in higher education. This study concludes that predictability of academic success based on education system attended is questionable. Key words:Education System in Pakistan; Education System in UK; GCSE; Secondary Education; Professional Education; Study Habits.
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