Introduction: Mobile phones are used extensively by the healthcare workers who are completely unaware of the microbial load they carry. There are no guidelines on the cleanliness of these mobile phones which makes them an important source of hospital acquired infections among the patients in the hospital. Objectives: This study was conducted to determine the extent of bacterial colonisation of mobile phones from health care workers and elucidate its antibiotic sensitivity pattern. Settings and Design: The present study was hospital based cross-sectional study, carried out to analyse the bacterial colonization of mobile phones of healthcare personnel in the tertiary care hospital for a period of three months from 1st July 2017 to 30th September 2017. Materials and Methods: A sterile swab moistened with sterile normal saline was rolled over the exposed areas of the mobile phones of 117 health care personnel which included 18 samples from technicians, 35 from nurses, 29 from ward boys, and 35 samples from doctors. The swabs were cultured on 5% sheep blood agar and MacConkey agar plates. Plates were incubated aerobically at 37°C for 24 hours. The growth was identified by standard microbiological techniques and their antibiotic sensitivity pattern was carried out as per CLSI guidelines. Statistical Analysis: Statistical Analysis was done using MedCalc and Microsoft excel. Results: Overall bacterial contamination was found to be 92% (108) and maximum contamination was noted on the mobile phones of laboratory technicians (100%). All the healthcare workers showed polymicrobial growth on their mobile phones and maximum isolates were observed on the mobile phones of ward boys. Staphylococcus aureus, 44 (37.6%) was the most common isolate followed by Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 14 each (12%) and Acinetobacter species 6(5.1%). These isolates were resistant to commonly available antibiotics like Co-Trimoxazole, Ampicillin, and Amoxyclav. MRSA was found to be 16% in our study, whereas ESBL and MBL were not noted. Conclusions: As these organisms can become an important source of Hospital acquired infection, strict hand hygiene, decontamination of mobile phones and restriction of the use of mobile phones in high risk areas should be advocated.
Biofilms are produced by both Gram-positive and Gramnegative bacteria. Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus viridans, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are commonly associated with the production of biofilms. [4] The expression of biofilms in these bacteria is mainly determined by operons. Operons are the clusters of coregulated genes with related functions. The series of genes in an operon are transcribed as a single mRNA and consists of an upstream promoter and a downstream terminator. [5] The biofilm production in Staphylococcus spp is regulated by the expression of polysaccharide intracellular adhesion (PIA) which is the gene product of
Introduction: Naproxen sodium is a Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent used in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis to relieve pain and inflammation. It is mainly act by inhibiting COX1 and COX2 receptors. By inhibiting COX1 receptor it causes severe gastric bleeding and peptic ulcer and by inhibiting COX2 receptor it causes cardiovascular side effects.In order to avoid the adverse effects of naproxen there is need to develop novel drug delivery system. So that invasomes because of its vesicular structure they are capable of penetrating more into the systemic circulation and they will be acting locally as well as systemically. Methods: In this study attempts have been made to prepare and characterize Naproxen sodium loaded invasomes. Naproxen sodium loaded invasomes were prepared by thin film hydration technique by using soya lecithin as lipid, span60 as surfactant, limonene as terpene and methanol, ethanol and chloroform as organic solvents. Total twelve formulations (INV1-INV12) of invasomes were prepared, in which four formulations were prepared by varying drug to surfactant ratio and eight formulations were prepared by varying drug to lipid ratio. Results and Discussions: All the formulations were evaluated for drug content, entrapment efficiency, particle size, zeta potential and invitro drug release. Among the twelve formulations of invasomestheINV2 formulation (1:1) ratio containing 40mg drug and 40mg surfactant (span60) was found to be the best formulation with drug content of 96.62%, entrapment efficiency of 90.9%, zeta potential of -68.5mV, mean particle diameter of 572.4 nm and invitro drug release of 91.6% in a time period of 12 hrs and followed the zero order kinetics with non fickian diffusion mechanism. Conclusion: In this present study naproxen sodium loaded invasomes were successfully prepared and evaluated.
Objective: To find out the incidence of C-Section rate and reducing it after auditing by use of Modified Robson Criteria. Methodology: This study was conducted by collecting data prospectively. All C-Sections were classified according to Modified Robson Criteria in 12 Groups after modification. Calculations were made as size of each group, rate of C-Section and contribution of each group. Audit of C-Section carried out after first six months, and then strategies were made to reduce the rate, which was implemented. Re-audit was carried out after six months, thus completing the audit cycle. Frequency and percentage were calculated by data analysis using Excel 2010 Result: C-Section rate was 51.54% initially then re-audit showed a reduced rate of 39.74%. Maximum contribution 26.05% to total C-Section rate was made by group 5 which was reduced to 20.04% in re-audit. While 11.48% was contributed by group12 which was reduced to 8.44% in re-audit. Conclusion: Modified Robson Criteria is an effective tool for the audit of C-section. It also allow us for exact identification of area for improvement and making modification of clinical practice to reduce C-Section rate Keywords: C-Section rate, Modified Rosbson Criteria, Clinical Audit and Re-Audit.
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