Objective MicroRNAs are known to regulate 60% of genes at post translational level. MicroRNAs including Micro RNA-29 family play a vital role in cellular activities and have validate role in numerous metabolic disorders inclusive of diabetes mellitus and its complications. While micro RNA profile changes years before the occurrence of disease. This cross-sectional study was conducted in non-diabetic adults of diabetic and non-diabetic parents to explore the early changes in expression of micro RNA-29 family as it can be served as early biomarker of type 2 diabetes in non-diabetic adults. This study was conducted from January 2019 to January 2021. Micro RNA was extracted from plasma of 50 participants and expression was compared through qPCR. While data was analyzed through SPSS version 21.0. Results 29a and 29b had lower expression in participants with family history of DM compared to those having no family history of DM (P < 0.0001). While micro RNA 29c was found to be significantly higher in participants with positive family history of type 2 diabetes as compared to those without family history of diabetes (P = 0.001).
Aim: To evaluate the learning outcomes of first experience with online learning in a medical college in Pakistan. Study design: Retrospective cross-sectional study Place and duration of study: Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan from 1stJanuary 2021 to 30th May 2021. Methodology: This study compared the module exam scores of pre-clinical first-year MBBS students of the year 2019 (group A) and year 2020 (group B). Group A was taught in 2019 through the traditional method of teaching while group B was taught online in 2020. Results: The mean score of group B online teaching was significantly higher than that of group A, studied through the traditional method in all three modules, foundation module, locomotor module, and blood module. Group B secured a significantly higher mean score than that of group A with a significant p-value of <0.001, 0.043, and 0.001respectively. Conclusion: The score gained by online learners using virtual teaching methods was significantly higher than those who were taught by traditional method. The results of this study imply that using online educational teaching and learning can lead to the promotion of educational level and enhancement of score levels in students. Keywords: Online learning, Traditional learning, Medical education
Background: Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide while ischemic heart disease is a major contributor of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus is one of the major risk factor for ischemic heart diseases. Cardiac involvement in diabetes commonly manifest as coronary artery disease (CAD) of different extent which has an impact on disease outcome and prognosis. Aim: To compare the angiographic profiles between diabetic and non-diabetic patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Place and duration of study: National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan from 1st Feb. 2020 to 31st Jan. 2021. Methodology: Two hundred and ninety eighty patients with acute coronary syndrome were enrolled. Demographic profile, personal and family history was taken through questioner. Angiography was performed to assess the angiographic profile in terms of extent of the disease, left main disease (LMD) involvement, severity of disease, and localization of disease to see the association with variables. Results: The mean age was 56.38±8.90 years and 240 (81%) were males and 58 (19%) were females. The diabetic patients have higher frequency of three vessels involved, localization of left anterior descending (LAD) and right coronary artery (RCA) with significant difference (p<0.0001 respectively). Left main disease was noted in 21 (25.3%) of diabetic participants and severe disease was found among 119 (56.4%) of diabetic participants with significant difference compared to non-diabetics (p<0.001). Angiographic profile was also found to be significantly different among hypertensive and non-hypertensive participants (p<0.05) Conclusion: There is higher frequency of diabetes in patients with ACS and most of them are male. While severity of disease, involvement of RCA and LAD in patients with acute coronary syndrome is quite high in patients with diabetes mellitus as compared to non-diabetic patients. Hypertension was also found to be associated with angiographic profile. Keywords: Coronary artery disease, Coronary angiography, Diabetic, Non-diabetic, Acute coronary syndrome
We have got evolved a Wi-Fi, noncontact, unobtrusive, tongue-operated assistive technology called the Tongue controlled device. The TCS affords humans with paralysis, Quadriplegic diseases, minimum or no motion capability of their higher limbs, lower limbs with an efficacious tool for computer access and environmental control. A small permanent magnet secured at the tongue by using implantation, piercing, or tissue adhesives is used as a tracer, the motion of that is detected by way of an array of magnetic sensors established on a headset outside the mouth or on an orthodontic brace interior sent wirelessly to microcontroller by using wireless transceiver. The microcontroller"s outputs signals are wirelessly transmitted to an ultraportable personal digital assistant compact computer carried at the user"s clothing or wheelchair and are processed to extract the person"s instructions. The consumer can then use those commands to get right of entry to a personal digital assistant computer, manage a power wheelchair, prosthetics and home appliances or have interaction with his or her surroundings. Most adult humans have 32 teeth, and several commands can be linked to a combination of teeth or tongue gestures, making the possibilities countless.
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