This review paper gives a brief overview on how the outstanding chemical and physical properties of phthalocyanines and phthalocyanine derivatives are being studied and employed in order to construct state-of-the-art technological devices. In a first instance, a short account on how the nature of the phthalocyanine structure and its organization in condensed phases play an important role in their conducting and ultraviolet-visible absorption properties is presented. Consequently, these basic electronic and photophysical features of phthalocyanines allow us to explain why phthalocyanine-based multicomponent covalent or noncovalent donor-acceptor systems may give rise to very interesting photophysical properties, in particular in terms of their ability to generate very long-lived photoinduced charge-separated states. A concise survey on the organization of these multifunctional systems shows how a profound understanding of the morphology at the nanometer-scale of these phthalocyanine-based molecular materials is needed in order to control their physical properties in condensed phases. All the previously mentioned chemical and physical features combined together led us to the description of the latest attempts at incorporating phthalocyanines into photovoltaic devices for solar energy conversion and onto quantum dots for photodynamic therapy or quantum computing.

Using multicentre delocalization indices, the ring current maps of a large set of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are reconstructed and compared with ab initio computations of the same maps in the pseudo-pi version of the ipsocentric approach to magnetic response. The quality of the comparison indicates that both delocalization and ring current approaches capture the same information about the aromatic nature of the PAH. Aromaticity as a global property, requires knowledge of more than single circuits, but the present results suggest no need to introduce a "multidimensional character" for aromaticity.

and predose MPA levels (geometric mean 2.10; 90% CI: 1.51-2.91) were higher and more variable, not fulfilling bioequivalence criteria. IMPDH activity inversely followed MPA concentrations and was inhibited to a similar degree (approximately 85%) by both formulations. The calculated value for 50% IMPDH inhibition was identical for both drugs. In conclusion, equimolar doses of EC-MPS and MMF produce equivalent MPA exposure, while the delayed release formulation of EC-MPS exhibits more variable predose levels and T max . Overall, IMPDH activity reflected MPA pharmacokinetics.

An adequate endometrial glucose metabolism, mediated by facilitative glucose transporter molecules (GLUT), is an essential part of endometrial differentiation and decidualization to provide a nutritional and receptive milieu. In human endometrium, only the GLUT1 and GLUT3 isoforms are expressed, whereas glucose transporters, involved in insulin-dependent glucose uptake (GLUT2, GLUT4, GLUT8), could not be detected. Messenger RNA expression, analyzed by RNase protection assay, of both isoforms increased in total endometrium throughout the secretory phase and in decidua. Analysis of mRNA expression in isolated epithelial cells, stromal cells, and CD45 positive leukocytes revealed that increase of GLUT1 expression was due to increasing stromal expression, whereas increase of GLUT3 was due to its expression in CD45-positive immune cells. In vitro, GLUT1 and GLUT3 were not directly regulated by 17beta-estradiol, progesterone, or IL-1beta, IL-6, and leukemia inhibitory factor, but GLUT1 mRNA increased progressively in stromal cells, decidualized in vitro. Inhibition of glucose transporters by cytochalasin B reduced stromal glucose uptake and stromal decidualization. In idiopathic infertile patients, GLUT1 expression in midsecretory endometrium was suppressed. The suppression was caused by reduced stromal expression. Our results suggest stromal GLUT to play a role in the regulation of endometrial function and be compromised in the preparation of the endometrium for the implanting embryo.

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marrow does not develop myeloid hypoplasia, during a nadir in the WBC as noted in the previously reported cases with cyclic oscillation. 2 As noted, the severe thrombocytopenia and macrocytic anemia are unusual in the chronic phase of CML. Moreover, the marrow findings of intense erythroid hyperplasia and a reduction of myeloid cells in the marrow are atypical for a diagnosis of CML. However, given the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome and typical picture Bcr-abl translocation with a striking response to imatinib mesylate, this case represents what we have termed an 'erythroid variant' of CML. To our knowledge, this appears to be the first case that has been observed and has responded to imatinib mesylate. The patient remains in complete hematologic and molecular remission for more than 6 years on continued treatment with imatinib (Figures 1-5 The Philadelphia chromosome-negative myeloproliferative diseases (MPD) are a group of late-onset, chronic haematopoietic disorders characterized by the clonal proliferation of stem and progenitor cells resulting in an increased output of mature cells of one or more blood cell lineages. A specific acquired mutation in the key haematopoietic kinase, Janus kinase-2 (JAK2), JAK2V617F, occurs within the regulatory pseudokinase JAK homology-2 (JH2) domain of the JAK2 molecule and is proposed to result in release of autoinhibition of the JAK homology-1 (JH1) kinase domain. This lesion, which occurs in exon 14 of JAK2, is associated with 495% of polycythaemia vera (PV) cases and approximately 50% of patients diagnosed with essential thrombocythaemia (ET) and idiopathic myelofibrosis (IMF), (reviewed by Kaushansky 2007). 1 The JAK2V617F mutation arises in the stem cell compartment consistent with the clonal proliferation of a multipotent progenitor that maintains longterm clonal haematopoiesis. 2 Further, the identification of a mutation in a kinase that is associated with multiple cytokine receptors (CR) is consistent with altered growth factor responses observed in PV. For example, the growth of erythropoietin (Epo)-independent 'endogenous' erythroid colonies (eBFUE) from bone marrow (BM) and peripheral blood (PB) samples in vitro is a key feature of PV and ET and can be utilized as a diagnostic tool. Further somatic mutations have been reported in JAK2V617F-negative MPD patients, including a transmembrane mutation in Mpl (Thrombopoietin receptor) in a small proportion of IMF and ET patients, 3 and more recently, a cluster of four different mutations in exon 12 of JAK2 has been described in JAK2V617F-negative PV and idiopathic erythrocytosis patients. 4,5 This group of mutations, affecting amino-acid residues F537-E543, lies in a highly conserved region proximal to the JH2 domain of JAK2 and results in altered growth factor responses in vitro and a myeloproliferative phenotype in a murine bone marrow transplant model. 4

Ein fleißiger Lichtsammler ist das Eosinmolekül, das im hier gezeigten Dendrimer eingeschlossen ist; es sammelt Energie von allen 64 Chromophoren des Dendrimers, von denen es drei verschiedene Arten gibt. Es erfolgt ein effizienter intramolekularer (d. h. innerhalb des Dendrimers) und intermolekularer Energietransfer (Dendrimer→Eosin) nach einem Förster‐artigen Mechanismus, was sich anhand der starken Überlappung der Emissions‐ und Absorptionsspektren der relevanten Donor‐ und Acceptor‐Einheiten bemerkbar macht.

Conventional doses of piperacillin/tazobactam may not offer adequate piperacillin exposure in febrile neutropenic patients. TDM provides useful feedback of dosing adequacy to guide dose optimization.