Background: There is a global rise in shisha smoking amongst the youths. Information on the prevalence and knowledge of the constituents and the harmful effects of shisha smoking is important for the development of prevention strategies and policies. Aim: This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the knowledge and sociodemographic predictors of shisha smoking among the university students. Subjects and Methods: A structured 12-item questionnaire was administered to the university students at the University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State. The prevalence, knowledge, and predictors of shisha smoking and the association between sociodemographic factors were studied. A P value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Among the 546 university students studied, 24.7% (135) had smoked shisha. The percentage of those knowledgeable about the constituents and its ill effects of shisha smoking was 14.8% (81), those with poor knowledge was 94.1% among shisha smokers. Females and social sciences students demonstrated statistically significant better knowledge of shisha (P = 0.007, and 0.027, respectively). The main predictors of shisha smoking were: poor knowledge (odd ratio, OR = 4.48, 95% confidence interval, CI [2.02, 9.93], P = 0.001), being in 400 level of study (OR = 2.63, 95% CI [1.12, 6.13], P = 0.724) and being in the faculty of social science (OR = 1.25, 95% CI [0.50, 3.09], P = 0.638). Conclusions: The prevalence of shisha smoking in this study was 24.7%, and the most influential factors were the level of study, type of faculty, and knowledge of the constituents and harmful effects of shisha. Lecturers and administrators of different faculties of the university should be engaged to include shisha smoking prevention programs in their curriculum.
IntroductionThe WHO estimates a shortage of 18 million health workers (HWs) by 2030, primarily in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). The perennial out-migration of HWs from LMICs, often to higher-income countries, further exacerbates the shortage. We propose a systematic review to understand the determinants of HWs out-migration, intention to migrate and non-migration from LMICs.Methods and analysisThis protocol was designed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols guideline for the development and reporting of systematic review protocols. We will include English and French language primary studies (quantitative or qualitative) focused on any category of HWs; from any LMICs; assessed migration or intention to migrate; and reported any determinant of migration. A three-step search strategy that involves a search of one electronic database to refine the preliminary strategy, a full search of all included databases and reference list search of included full-text papers for additional articles will be employed. We will search Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Global Health and Web of Science from inception to August 2022. The retrieved titles will be imported to EndNote and deduplicated. Two reviewers will independently screen all titles and abstract for eligibility using Rayyan. Risk of bias of the individual studies will be determined using the National Institute of Health study quality assessment tools for quantitative studies and the 10-item Critical Appraisal Skills Programme checklists for qualitative studies. The results will be presented in the form of narrative synthesis using a descriptive approachEthics and disseminationWe will not seek ethical approval from an institutional review board, as this is a systematic review. At completion, we will submit the report of this review to a peer-reviewed journal for publication. Key findings will be presented at local and international conferences.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42022334283.
Proper assessment of pain is essential in evaluating the appropriate treatment need of patients presenting with dental conditions. This study aimed to determine the correlation between Short Form McGill pain questionnaire 2 (SF-MPQ-2), Visual analogue Scale (VAS) and Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) for pain assessment among dental patients. A total of 83 patients that presented at the Oral Diagnosis clinic of the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital with various dental conditions over 2 months were recruited for the study. The severity of the different presenting conditions was determined using SF-MPQ-2, VAS and NRS. The mean pain assessment scores for the different dental conditions was compared and Pearson correlation coefficient was evaluated for the three pain assessment scales. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The mean age of the study participants was 38.2 ± 14.0 years with age range of 16 to 83 years. The mean VAS and NRS scores were significantly higher in those diagnosed with acute apical periodontitis with mean scores of 6.68±2.36 and 6.61±2.06 respectively. The participants with cancer had the lowest SF-MPQ-2 mean scores while those with chronic periodontitis have the lowest score using VAS and NRS. There was a significant strong, positive correlation between VAS and NRS pain assessment tools. The correlation between SF-MPQ-2 and either VAS/NRS was however, weak but positive and statistically significant. Severity of pain was highest among those with acute apical periodontitis using the three pain assessment tools. There was a significant positive correlation between SF-MPQ-2, VAS and NRS for dental pain assessment.
Objective: To assess the prevalence of oral diseases and conditions amongst residents of an isolated camp that caters for internally displaced persons to define their oral health need in order to facilitate surveillance and planning of interventional programmes. Methods: A cross-sectional study carried out among randomly selected residents of a camp at Uhogua village forest reserve, Edo State, Nigeria. Socio-demographic data was obtained using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Oral examination was carried out under natural illumination using mouth mirror, wooden spatula and blunt dental explorer. Oral hygiene was graded using Simplified Oral Hygiene Index. Diagnoses of caries and periodontal disease were according to the World Health Organization criteria. Clinical diagnosis of oral lesions/conditions was by visual inspection. IBM SPSS version 25.0 was used for descriptive and inferential analysis at 95% confidence interval with p set at < 0.05 significance. Results: The mean age of the 437 study participants was 15.81 ± 8.42 with a range of 4 - 71 years. Males (43.0%), females (57.0%) and participants with primary education (78.7%). Only 3.4% of the study participants had good oral hygiene and 11.9% of the group had periodontal pockets. Dental caries prevalence was 19.7%. The DMFT/dmft index value was 0.33/0.13 with PUFA/pufa score of 0.06/0.02. However, 35.0% of permanent teeth and 79.0% of deciduous teeth had evidence of dento-oral infection and ulceration. The prevalence of oral ulcers (1.8%), leukoplakia (2.1%), erythroplakia (0.5%), oral candidiasis (5.3%), cleft palate (0.2%) and traumatic dental injury (4.3%). were noted. Lower educational attainment was associated with presence of periodontal pockets (p=0.029) and dental caries (p=0.004). Conclusion: Poor oral hygiene was prevalent in this group. Although the prevalence of oral diseases and conditions were low in comparison with previous local studies, many of the carious lesions had signs of dento-oral infections. Improved access to education with a significant oral health education content and preventive oral health services are recommended strategies in reducing the oral health challenges of this group.
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