A recent outbreak of Nipah virus (NiV) in India has caused 17 deaths in people living in districts of Kerala state. Its zoonotic nature, as well as high rate of human-to-human transmission, has led researchers worldwide to work toward understanding the different aspects of the NiV. We performed a codon usage analysis, based on publicly available nucleotide sequences of NiV and its host adaptation, along with other members of the Henipavirus genus in ten hosts. NiV genome encodes nine open reading frames; and overall, no significant bias in codon usage was observed. Aromaticity of proteins had no impact on codon usage. An analysis of preferred codons used by NiV and the tRNA pool in human cells indicated that NiV prefers codons from a suboptimal anticodon tRNA pool. We observed that codon usage by NiV is mainly constrained by compositional and selection pressures, not by mutational forces. Parameters that define NiV and host relatedness in terms of codon usage were analyzed, with a codon adaptation index (CAI), relative codon deoptimization index (RCDI), and similarity index calculations; which indicated that, of all hosts analyzed, NiV was best adapted to African green monkeys. A comparative analysis based on the relative codon deoptimization index (RCDI) for host adaptation of NiV, Hendra virus (HeV), Cedar virus (CedV), and Hendra like Mojiang virus (MojV) revealed that except for dogs and ferrets, all evaluated hosts were more susceptible to HeV than NiV.

Uneven codon usage within genes as well as among genomes is a usual phenomenon across organisms. It plays a significant role in the translational efficiency and evolution of a particular gene. EPB41L3 is a tumor suppressor protein-coding gene, and in the present study, the pattern of codon usage was envisaged. The full-length sequences of the EPB41L3 gene for the human, brown rat, domesticated cattle, and Sumatran orangutan available at the NCBI were retrieved and utilized to analyze CUB patterns across the selected mammalian species. Compositional properties, dinucleotide abundance, and parity analysis showed the dominance of A and G whilst RSCU analysis indicated the dominance of G/C-ending codons. The neutrality plot plotted between GC12 and GC3 to determine the variation between the mutation pressure and natural selection indicated the dominance of selection pressure (R = 0.926; p < 0.00001) over the three codon positions across the gene. The result is in concordance with the codon adaptation index analysis and the ENc-GC3 plot analysis, as well as the translational selection index (P2). Overall selection pressure is the dominant pressure acting during the evolution of the EPB41L3 gene.

The novel coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) caused by the SARS-CoV-2 is an emerging disease with deadly consequences, extended its stride over the globe commenced from the epicenter, Wuhan wet market, China led to declare globally as pandemic disease. Several non-specific features of the disease like prolonged incubation period, asymptomatic yet contagious, longer illness duration, and conveyance post clinical recovery feature makes prevention difficult and is the key reason for its rapid spread across the world. Covid-19 shows varied manifestations with the majority of reported cases having mild or even no symptoms. However, the infection led to a destructive footprint in the pulmonary system, specifically, lungs are most prone to damage, making them incapable of conducting respiratory functions and thus, resulting in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), multi-organ dysfunction, and loss of life. Up to the present, there is no worldwide-approved treatment for COVID-19 and only repurposed drugs are employed for the hospitalized patient, necessitating an urgent need to develop effective therapeutics. Hence, effective control of disease spread through screening and isolation of contacts is crucial in the community. The contagion effect of the COVID-19 outbreak has brought major challenges to health systems as well as global economy worldwide. Development of rapid diagnostic test and effective vaccine as well as minimizing the exposure of the human population to possible animal reservoirs is measures needed to curb future impact. The outbreak of SARS-CoV in 2003 followed by MERS-CoV within a decade, indicates the threat of novel infectious diseases resulting from RNA viruses, will continue to present a serious global health threat, as epitomized by COVID-19. Therefore, this review is attempting to provide an overview of the current scenario of COVID-19 in terms of epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment, especially focusing on public health impact.

Aim: Apoptosis and autophagy are the two fundamental processes involved in maintaining homeostasis, and a common stimulus may initiate the processes. Autophagy has been implicated in various diseases, including viral infections. Genetic manipulations leading to altered gene expression might be a strategy to check virus infection. Introduction: Determination of molecular patterns, relative synonymous codon usage, codon preference, codon bias, codon pair bias, and rare codons so that genetic manipulation of autophagy genes may be done to curb viral infection. Method: Using various software, algorithms, and statistical analysis, insights into codon patterns were obtained. A total of 41 autophagy genes were envisaged as they are involved in virus infection. Result: The A/T and G/C ending codons are preferred by different genes. AAA-GAA and CAG-CTG codon pairs are the most abundant codon pairs. CGA, TCG, CCG, and GCG are rarely used codons. Conclusion: The information generated in the present study helps manipulate the gene expression level of virus infection-associated autophagy genes through gene modification tools like CRISPR. Codon deoptimization for reducing while codon pair optimization for enhancing is efficacious for HO-1 gene expression