Abstract. Wadi is a sort of traditional foods that made of fish from Dayak tribe in Central Kalimantan. Wadi is made by the addition of salt and lumu. People make wadi as a supply of side dishes during difficult seasons of fish and stock for farming, hunting, or collecting forest products. In wadi, there are several bacteria species that capable in degrading amylum and protein. The bacteria capability in amylum and protein degradation can be determined by calculating the hydrolysis index. The aims of this study are to: (1) identify the amylolytic bacteria and proteolytic bacteria species from wadi, (2) determine the amylum and protein hydrolysis index on each amylolytic bacteria and proteolytic bacteria species isolated from wadi, and (3) determine the amylolytic bacteria and proteolytic bacteria species that have the highest hydrolysis index. This research is descriptive explorative research. The research results showed that: (1) there were four isolates of amylolytic bacteria isolated from wadi, i.e: Enterobacter agglomerans, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Micrococcus varians, and there were five species of isolated proteolytic bacteria from wadi, i.e: Enterobacter agglomerans, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Nitrococcus mobilis, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Micrococcus varians, (2) the amylum hydrolysis index of Enterobacter agglomerans is 3.77; on Pseudomonas fluorescens is 3.00; on Acinetobacter baumannii is 4.16; and on Micrococcus varians is 7.23. The protein hydrolysis index of Enterobacter agglomerans is 3.22; on Pseudomonas fluorescens is 2.25; on Nitrococcus mobilis is 1.67; on Acinetobacter baumannii is 3.42; and on Micrococcus varians is 3.45, (3) Micrococcus varians has the highest amylum, i.e:  7.23 and protein hydrolysis index is 3.45.Keywords: hydrolysis index, amylolytic bacteria, proteolytic bacteria, wadi.

Abstract. Some endophytic fungi live in medicinal plant tissue and could produce some secondary metabolites. This research was done to 1) determine the endophytic fungi position in the Hedychium acuminatum Roscoe. plant tissue by histological observation, 2) identify the endophytic fungi species isolated from the rhizome, leaf sheath, and the leaf of H. acuminatum, and 3) analyze the contents of some secondary metabolites that be produced by the endophytic fungi species isolated from H. acuminatum. The determination of the position of endophytic fungi in the H. acuminatum plant tissue was done by histologic observation. The endophytic fungi were isolated from H. acuminatum plant, then were inoculated on Potato Dextrose Agar medium and incubated at 25 °C during 7 to 14 × 24 h. Each endophytic fungus isolate was identified. Each endophytic fungus isolate was inoculated in Potato Dextrose Broth medium and shook at 120 rpm for 7 × 24 h; then the secondary metabolites content was analyzed using the spectrophotometric method. The research result was: 1) the endophytic fungi mycelium were found on the parenchyma cell wall and intercellular space of rhizome, epidermis and parenchyma cell wall of leaf sheath, epidermis cell wall of leaf; 2) eleven endophytic fungi species were found: Rhizoctonia sp., Fusarium solani, F. oxysporum, Colletotrichum alienum, C. aotearoa, C. ti, Aspergillus parasiticus, C. coccodes, C. gloeosporoides, Hansfordia biophila, and F. semitectum; 3) the secondary metabolites content in fungi culture in broth medium are: alkaloid 20.48 μm · mL -1 to 117.12 μm · mL -1 ), flavonoid (148.48 μm · mL -1 to 816.96 μm · mL -1 ), terpenoid (4.73 μm · mL -1 to 32.98 μm · mL -1 ), and tannin (9.39 μm · mL -1 to 53.02 μm · mL -1 ).

Asking questions and making statements is not easy for students. Many researchers have developed a question pattern, but it has several weaknesses. The question pattern generally has not guided the students to ask low to high level of questions; also, they have no idea what the issue is about and how to naturally propose the question. This research aimed to develop a thinking tool named Question Matrix. This thinking tool intends to train students' questioning skills in various question levels based on learning purposes. This research was divided into two; small and large scale. The small scale was performed in the even semester, academic year of 2015/2016 while the large scale was in the even semester, academic year of 2016/2017. The method referred to the 4D (Define, Design, Develop, and Disseminate) model. The sample consisted of 104 students. The data were collected through students' worksheets to collect students' questions and questionnaires to collect the data of students' responses to the use of the question matrix. The data collection was conducted in 8 meetings. The quality of students' questions was scored by using the question quality assessment rubric and categorized according to the revised Bloom taxonomy to determine the percentage of LOT and HOT questions. The research results indicated that Question Matrix had helped the students in making questions. Before the use of Question Matrix, the average small scale research result was 48% (LOT) and 52% (HOT) and increased by 32.50% (LOT) and 67.502% (HOT) after the tool application. In the large scale research, the average cognitive level was 35% (LOT) and 73.5% (HOT). Also, 45.8% of the questions belonged to the 'Good' category. In sum, the findings indicated that the Question Matrix is sufficient to be used as guidance in making questions.

No abstract

No abstract

Citrinin is a sort of mycotoxin which caused mycotoxicosis. Citrinin is produced by Penicillium citrinum mold that can contaminate sort of food especially damaged beans. Citrinin is known as nephrotoxic as well as hepatotoxic mycotoxin and caused hepatocite structure damage. This research was done: 1) to know the effect of citrinin to hepatocite structure damage; 2) to know the effect of citrinin dose difference to the value of the hepatocyte structure damage; 3) to know the effect of citrinin to the value of hepatocyte structure damage on three zones of hepar lobulus. The samples of this research were male mice (Mus musculus) var. BALB-C at the age of three months. The experiment group of mice was orally administered with citrinin in three doses, i.e: dose-1: 1 mg/kg BW; dose-2: 1,75 mg/kg BW; dose-3: 2,5 mg/kg BW. Hepatocyte structure damage is observed on centrilobular zone, midzone, and perifer zone. The hepatocyte structure damage examination is done by histopathologycal and ultra structural examination by electron microscope. The research results showed that: 1) there was an effect of citrinin to hepatocyte structure damaged cellular as well as sub cellular; 2) there was a difference effect of some dose of citrinin on the value of hepatocyte structure damaged by cellular; 3) dose-3 (2,5 mg/kg BW) was the highest dose which cause hepatocyte damage on three zones of hepar lobulus; 4) citrinin effect was different for on hepatocyte, on three zones of hepar lobulus; 5) the perifer zone was the highest damaged area of three hepar lobulus zones.

The effects of kinds of lumus and the storage period on the quality of patin wadi based on the results of nutrient tests

The antagonism ability of seven Trichoderma isolates towards F. solani have been observed and tested by dual culture technique. The antagonism mechanism observed by microscopic observation with light microscope and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The research result showed seven species of Trichoderma molds have different antagonism ability towards F. solani each other. The antagonism mechanism observed by light microscope and Scanning Electron Microscopy were mycoparasitism, antibiosis, and competition.