Background: COVID 19 has become a major health issue and has globally affected masses and increased mortality in all parts of the world. Therefore, with limited information available healthcare workers faced a multitude of problems and challenges in managing the affected individuals globally and to no surprise with developing information database regarding this disease; many lost their lives. Aim: To assess the understanding of healthcare worker regarding COVID-19 pandemic and their competence in dealing with the current situation and to ascertain whether HCWs are actively participating in activities that hell them deal with the outbreak. Study design: Descriptive cross sectional survey Place and duration of study: Department of Medicine, Shaikh Zayed Hospital, Lahore from 26th September 2020 to 30th May 2020. Methodology: Three hundred and sixty eight individuals participated in survey throughout Pakistan. The questionnaire consisting of four parts designed according to available data on coronavirus and study participants were tested for their knowledge and preparedness through multiple questions. All healthcare workers from different designation, specialties and hospitals participated for this research. Results: Two hundred and eighty seven aged less than 35 and rest were above 35.68.5% were from public sector and rest worked in private hospitals.340 people participated from hospitals in Punjab and remaining were from other parts of Pakistan. Internet was major source of information. Study participants stated themselves as prepared in dealing with COVID 19 matters however, knowledge based questions were not answered correctly by many individuals. Conclusion: This research was meant to identify the gaps in information and take measures to provide better health practices. The correct answers percentage was higher for more experienced individuals and who are acutely dealing with Covid infection. Also, the people who had prior exposure to some other outbreak made the right choices most of time. Keywords: COVID-19, Coronavirus, Knowledge, Preparedness, Healthcare workers, Attitude, Awareness
Pakistan is facing severe shortage of energy. The gap between demand and supply is gradually increasing leading to heavy load shedding. This crisis has badly affected the life of people and economic growth of Pakistan which appears as a barrier in the long-term future. Along with other reasons, energy losses by the end user are one of most important aspect of energy crisis. To cope with this situation proper interventions are needed. Building sector is one of the major energy consumers and source of energy wastages if not properly managed. The energy losses in buildings are due to installation of inefficient equipments and improper utilization of electrical & mechanical systems. It is also observed that, energy efficiency parameters & standards are not being kept under considerations during the designing and construction of new buildings, which is resulting in high consumption of energy. Keeping in view the importance of building energy consumption and its impacts, Energy Audits of public sector building i.e. Pakistan Secretariat (Block A, B, C, D, P, R and S) were conducted. The sample was comprised of old and new buildings. After analysis of data gathered through energy audits, up to 30 % of Energy Saving Opportunities were identified. In this paper, some technical parameters regarding windows to wall ratio, lighting, AC, building envelop and water treatment having high impact on energy consumption and comfort level in the building, are identified which may be adopted as per local environmental conditions.
Transfer systems are combinatorial objects which classify N∞ operads up to homotopy. By results of A. Blumberg and M. Hill [BH15], every transfer system associated to a linear isometries operad is also saturated (closed under a particular two-out-of-three property). We investigate saturated and linear isometric transfer systems with equivariance group Cpmqn , the cyclic group of order p m q n for p, q distinct primes and m, n ≥ 0. We give a complete enumeration of saturated transfer systems for Cpmqn . We also prove J. Rubin's saturation conjecture for Cpqn ; this says that every saturated transfer system is realized by a linear isometries operad for p, q sufficiently large (greater than 3 in this case). eCMRG partipants E. Franchere, W. Qin, and R. Waugh for numerous useful conversations. N ∞ OPERADS AND TRANSFER SYSTEMS2.1. N ∞ operads. In order to frame our work on transfer systems, we need to recall Blumberg-Hill's notion of an N ∞ operad [BH15], paying special attention to the example of linear isometry operads. We assume that the reader is familiar with the basic theory of (symmetric) operads. For n ≥ 0, we denote the symmetric group on n letters by S n .a weak homotopy equivalence of topological spaces for all n ≥ 0 and Γ ≤ G × S n . The associated homotopy category (formed by inverting weak equivalences) is denoted Ho(N ∞ -Op G ).Note that N ∞ operads are, in particular, nonequivariant E ∞ operads, and thus parametrize operations that are associative and commutative up to higher homotopies. Additionally, N ∞ operads admit norms for particular finite H-sets, H ≤ G in the following sense. Given an H-set T , let| denote the graph of a permutation representation of T . Definition 2.2. A G-N ∞ operad O admits norms for a finite H-set T when O(|T |) Γ(T ) is nonempty. Particular examples of N ∞ operads include linear isometries operads defined on G-universes [LMSM86]. We recall the definition.Definition 2.3. A G-universe U is a countably infinite-dimensional real G-inner product space such that it contains each finite-dimensional subrepresentation infinitely often and contains the trivial representation. The linear isometries operad L(U ) is given at level n by the space L(U n , U ) of all (not necessarily equivariant) linear isometries, with G acting by conjugation, and S n acting by permuting inputs. The operadic composition is given by composition of isometries. Transfer systems.A G-transfer system is a combinatorial object defined as a particular subposet of Sub(G), the subgroup lattice of G. For H ≤ G and g ∈ G, let g H = gHg −1 denote the g-conjugate of H. Definition 2.4. A G-transfer system is a relation → on Sub(G) that refines the inclusion relation 2 and satisfies the following properties:(reflexivity) H → H for all H ≤ G, (transitivity) K → H and L → K implies L → H, (closed under conjugation) K → H implies that g K → g H for all g ∈ G, (closed under restriction) K → H and M ≤ H implies (K ∩ M ) → M . We denote the collection of transfer systems by Tr(G) and view it as a poset under the refinement re...
Background: Pakistan is now the 3rd country having highest diabetic population in the world. [1] Many of the diabetics are on insulin. The issue of the safe disposal of insulin syringes is an area of concern. Aim: To assess the knowledge & disposal practices of insulin needles and its relationship with the different parameters related to diabetes education. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Services Hospital Lahore after approval of institutional review board. 363 diabetic patients, fulfilling the inclusion criteria, were approached. The patients were interviewed through a validated questionnaire. The data was stratified according to the age, gender, duration of diabetes, duration since last instructions reviewed. The chi-square test was applied. Data was analysed using SPSS 22. Results: Almost all patients 98.6% were (n=359) adult, 4(1.2%) were adolescents i.e., below 18 years of age. Mean age of study population was 49.71±13.36 years, mean weight was 67.12±13.29 kg and mean height was 160.95± 6.89 cm. Among 363 cases, 209(57.6%) were females and 154(42.4%) were males. 242(67.5%) of study population was above age of 45 years while 118(32.5%) was below the age of 45 years. Mean duration of diabetes was 95.18±54.49 months and mean duration of insulin use was 6.45±3.7 years. Among all, 332(91.5%) use syringe for injecting insulin and 31(8.5%) use pen as device for insulin. About 95% of patients discard their insulin waste into home rubbish. Among that 95% of patients who are discarding their insulin waste into household rubbish, 91% discards it after recapping of needles but 4% of them put it into rubbish without recapping. More than three fourth (82.9%) of study participants were not confident about having correct knowledge of waste disposal while small proportion of participants (17.1%) were confident of having correct knowledge. Conclusion: Unawareness about correct insulin disposal technique is much prevalent and is a major hazard for transmitting infectious diseases accidentally. Risk can be reduced by reinforcing the education. Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin.
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