Floral morphology and taxonomic relations among the genera of h m r m t h a c e a e in the New World and the Hawpiinn Islands. Twenty-three genera of

A 4‐yr field study was carried out on selected species of myxomycetes. Reticularia jurana, Symphytocarpus flaecidus, Amaurochaete atra, and A. tubulina occur predominantly in May–June. Ceratiomyxa fruticulosa, Stemonitis axifera, S. fusca, S. hyperopta, and Fuligo septica in June–August, and Colloderma oculatum, Trichia botrytis, T. decipiens, and Fuligo muscorum in September–October. Lycogala epidendrum may occur from May to October. Whereas several species seem to be restricted to late autumn, those appearing in spring and early summer are occasionally found also later in the season. Many species with large plasmodia are rare under arid conditions. Complex factors probably influence spore germination, and it is often impossible to explain a sudden abundance of a species merely from temperature and precipitation. Several species show clear substrate preferences. Plasmodia may develop in cavities in wood and then move out to the surface to fructify. Insects are probably important for the dispersal of several species. Invertebrates, among them snails, are predators on plasmodia as well as on fructifications.

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Chloroplast DNA restriction site variation provided data with which to compare the Galapagos Island endemic Scalesia to potential sister groups within subtribe Helianthinae. Pappobolus is suggested by these data to be the most likely sister group to Scalesia. It is an Andean endemic genus that includes the South American species once regarded as a subgenus of Helianthus and later assigned to Helianthopsis. Two other groups considered as potential sister groups based on their geographic distribution in South America were not placed near Scalesia in the most parsimonious tree. Viguiera sect. Diplostichis appears to be relatively basal within subtribe Helianthinae, and the South American species of Viguiera, although previously classified in more than one subgenus, appear to form a single, monophyletic group that is not the sister group to Scalesia. The minimum of ten restriction site differences between Scalesia and Pappobolus of approximately 525 sites surveyed yielded an estimated sequence divergence of 0.19%, and an estimated time of divergence of approximately 1.9-6.2 million years.

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