This contribution presents a method that aims at the numerical analysis of solids represented by oriented point clouds. The proposed approach is based on the Finite Cell Method, a highorder immersed boundary technique that computes on a regular background grid of finite elements and requires only inside-outside information from the geometric model. It is shown that oriented point clouds provide sufficient information for these point-membership classifications. Further, we address a tessellation-free formulation of contour integrals that allows to apply Neumann boundary conditions on point clouds without having to recover the underlying surface. Two-dimensional linear elastic benchmark examples demonstrate that the method is able to provide the same accuracy as those computed with conventional, continuous surface descriptions, because the associated error can be controlled by the density of the cloud. Three-dimensional examples computed on point clouds of historical structures show how the method can be employed to establish seamless connections between digital shape measurement techniques and numerical analyses.
The 3D laser scanner has become a common instrument in numerous field applications such as structural health monitoring, assessment and documentation of structural damages, volume and dimension control of excavations, geometrical recording of built environment, and construction progress monitoring in different fields. It enables capture of millions of points from the surface of objects with high accuracy and in a very short time. These points can be employed to extrapolate the shape of the elements. In this way, the collected data can be developed to construct three-dimensional digital models that can be used in structural FEM analysis. This paper presents structural evaluation of a historic building through FE models with the help of a 3D point cloud. The main focus of the study is on the stone columns of a historic cistern. These deteriorated load bearing elements have severe non-uniform erosion, which leads to formation of significant stress concentrations. At this point, the 3D geometric data becomes crucial in revealing the stress distribution of severely eroded columns due to material deterioration. According to the results of static analysis using real geometry, maximum stress in compression increased remarkably on the columns in comparison with the geometrically idealized models. These values seem to approach the compressive strength of the material, which was obtained from the point load test results. Moreover, the stress distribution of the analysis draws attention to the section between columns and their capitals. According to the detailed 3D documentation, there is a reduced contact surface between columns and capitals to transfer loads.
The Church of Pantokrator (Zeyrek Mosque) is a Byzantine located in the Zeyrek district of Istanbul which was included in the World Heritage List in 1985 by UNESCO. The church suffered from earthquakes, fires and alterations in its history. In this paper, a brief history of the church, description of the northern structure with its damages and a preliminary analysis of the structure including an intervention proposal is presented. The reason to choose the northern part of the complex was due to its fragile condition in comparison with the other parts of the monument. This part has severe cracks on its structural elements and consequently during a possible repair and conservation work, it has priority.
The architect working in the historical environment is expected to have some basic knowledge, regardless of the specific purpose of their work, whether it is the design of a protection roof to be built for more effective preservation of archaeological data, the documentation of new architectural data revealed by excavations, or the planning of an anastylosis application to be carried out in the area. First of all, the architect; must be able to perceive, understand and evaluate the historical structure and environment. It is observed that the provision of this knowledge in architectural education and the training of architects for the archaeological site is lacking. In this study, in archaeological field research that requires the contribution of many different disciplines; a practical training model proposed for the education of architects and architect candidates who will take responsibility in studies related to the identification, documentation and evaluation of immovable cultural heritage is discussed. A series of summer schools were organized in selected sites with undergraduate architecture students during the active season of archaeological excavations in order to create an education model for this and to enable this topic to be able to take its place in architectural education as a credit course in the future. The difficulties in archaeological sites and the multidisciplinary nature of the excavation teams were observed in the summer schools, and it was emphasized that the architect could take on many other roles besides documentation. During the training, traditional measurement techniques were taught and applied, and introductions to digital methods were given. In this study, considering the possible steps to be taken in the future, the theoretical framework and practical applications of these summer schools held directly at the archaeological site, the observations made, and the evaluations of the feedback of the participants are handled.
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