Abstract:The aerial parts of Alchemilla L. species (Rosaceae) are used internally as diuretic, laxative, tonic and externally for wound healing in Turkish folk medicine. Antioxidant effects of the extracts, fractions and isolated compounds from the aerial parts of A. barbatiflora Juz. were investigated with following methods: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), and superoxide radical scavenging (SOD), phosphomolibdenum-reducing antioxidant power (PRAP), ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. In addition, tyrosinase, α-glucosidase and acetylcholinesterase inhibition activities of samples were analyzed. The methanol extract from the aerial parts of plant was consecutively fractionated into four subextracts; n-hexane, chloroform, and remaining water extracts. Further studies were carried out on the most active water subextract and the fractions obtained from water subextract with column chromatography. Phytochemical studies on active fractions of the water subextract led to the isolation of seven metabolites including catechin (1) and a catechin dimer; procyanidin B3 (2), a flavonol glucuronide; quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucuronic acid (miquelianin) (3) with flavonoid glycosides; quercetin-3-O-β-D-galactoside (hyperoside) (4), quercetin-3-O-β-D-arabinoside (guaiaverin) (5), kaempferol-3-O-β-Dxylopyranoside (6) and kaempferol-3-O-(6″-coumaroyl-β-D-glycoside) (tiliroside) (7). Their structures were elucidated by spectral techniques (1D and 2D NMR). The experimental data verified that procyanidin B3 displayed remarkable enzyme inhibitory activity among the whole isolated compounds.
Vortioxetine is a multimodal antidepressant drug that affects several brain neurochemicals and has the potential to induce various pharmacological effects on the central nervous system. Therefore, we investigated the centrally mediated analgesic efficacy of this drug and the mechanisms underlying this effect. Analgesic activity of vortioxetine (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg, p.o.) was examined by tail-clip, tail-immersion and hot-plate tests. Motor performance of animals was evaluated using Rota-rod device. Time course measurements (30–180 min) showed that vortioxetine (10 and 20 mg/kg) administrations significantly increased the response latency, percent maximum possible effect and area under the curve values in all of the nociceptive tests. These data pointed out the analgesic effect of vortioxetine on central pathways carrying acute thermal and mechanical nociceptive stimuli. Vortioxetine did not alter the motor coordination of mice indicating that the analgesic activity of this drug was specific. In mechanistic studies, pre-treatments with p-chlorophenylalanine (serotonin-synthesis inhibitor), NAN-190 (serotonin 5-HT1A receptor antagonist), α-methyl-para-tyrosine (catecholamine-synthesis inhibitor), phentolamine (non-selective α-adrenoceptor blocker), and naloxone (non-selective opioid receptor blocker) antagonised the vortioxetine-induced analgesia. Obtained findings indicated that vortioxetine-induced analgesia is mediated by 5-HT1A serotonergic, α-adrenergic and opioidergic receptors, and contributions of central serotonergic and catecholaminergic neurotransmissions are critical for this effect.
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