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This study was conducted to determine the effects of the fermentation duration of coconut dregs (CD) by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the addition of ammonium sulfate on the growth performance, feed digestibility, carcass, and digestive organ developments. A finely ground CD was autoclaved at 20 psi for 20 minutes and added distilled water to meet 80% moisture content. The autoclaved substrate was added with different concentrations of ammonium sulfate and fermented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae to produce Saccharomyces cerevisiae-fermented CD. A total of 192 day-oldunsexed Cobb broiler chicks were used and kept for 6 weeks. The birds were fed experimental diets ad-libitum. The experimental diets were produced by two durations of fermentation (5 days and 7 days) and three levels of ammonium sulfate (0%, 0.2%, and 0.4%) in 4 replicates. The experimental diets were offered ad-libitum and water were available at all times. Fermentation decreased lipid and crude fiber content of CD and the addition of ammonium sulfate increased protein content and amino acid concentration of CD. The bodyweight gain of birds increased when the CD was fermented for 5 days and with the addition of 0.2% ammonium sulfate. Dry matter digestibility and protein digestibility were improved when CD was added with 0.2% ammonium sulfate. In conclusion, fermenting CD for 5 days increased body weight gain and the addition of 0.2% ammonium sulfate improved the feeding value of the diet and growth of birds.

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The study was conducted to examine the effects of supplementation of crude cellulase produced from Trichoderma viride–fermented copra meal (CM) on nutrient digestibility, apparent metabolizable energy (AME), digestive organ weight, protein, and cholesterol content of breast meat of broiler chickens. A total of 200 day-old-male broiler chickens were used. The birds were fed with 5 different diets; T-1 = 0 g/kg CM, T-2 = 50 g/kg CM + crude enzymes, T-3 = 100 g/kg CM + crude enzymes, T-4 = 150 g/kg CM + crude enzymes and T-5 = 200 g/kg CM + crude enzymes. Feed digestibility, digestive organ weight, protein, and cholesterol content of breast meat were determined as parameters. On day 35, two birds from each replication were placed into metabolism cages for digestibility measurement. A completely randomized design was adopted with five treatments and five replications. The digestibility of protein, crude fiber, AME of the diets, and cholesterol content of the breast meat of broiler chickens fed the rations with crude enzyme addition were better than those of birds fed the T-1. The response of protein and crude fiber digestibility was curvilinearly over the increasing levels of CM in the diets and crude enzyme addition. Digestive organs weight, protein, and lipid percentages of the breast meat were not affected by the treatments. Supplementation of increasing CM diets with crude enzymes from Trichoderma viride produced higher protein, crude fiber digestibility, and AME of the diets and lower cholesterol content of breast meat.

The low quality protein of coconut meal, coupled with high fibre content, leads to limited use of this agricultural by-product in the poultry diet. Attempts to maximize the amount of coconut meal included in the broiler feed have been made through amino acids supplementation, enzyme addition and pelleting coconut meal. Among these feed technologies and manipulation, pelleting coconut meal appears to be more powerful in promoting the growth of broiler chickens. The reasons for the improvement of broiler growth due to pelleting coconut meal have not been established yet. The mechanisms of improved growth of birds might be through increased feed intake, less energy spent and increased bulk density. Coconut meal contains a high concentration of mannose – based polysaccharides or mannan. This substance has long been believed to have prebiotic properties due to its capability to bind certain species of pathogenic bacteria in the digestive tract of birds. Voluminous reports of the positive effects of mannose-based polysaccharides from yeast have been published. Mannose –based polysaccharides from legumes, on the other hand, have been reported to have anti-nutrient property. Surprisingly, mannose-based polysaccharides from coconut behave like yeast mannan. A number of current studies indicated that mannose based polysaccharides improved body weight gain and feed digestibility. The growth of birds was negatively impacted when the birds were challenged against pathogenic bacteria of E. coli. Wet droppings and diarrhea incidences were not found in E. coli-challenged birds when the diets were supplemented with coconut mannan. In conclusions, coconut meal can be used as a feed ingredient for poultry unless the coconut meal was pelleted or enzymatically treated. Mannose-based polysaccharide from coconut was effective to promote growth and acted as prebiotic.

The purpose of this study was to determine young maize stover flour production resulted from biodegradation Pleurotus ostreatus fungi with fiber digesting enzyme on broiler feed implications. Materials used in this research were young maize stover (60-70 days), Pleurotus ostreatus fungi, urea (CO-(NH 2 ) 2 ), readily available carbohydrate, aquadest and alcohol. The method used ANOVA test with five treatments and four replication: R0 = control (without fermentation), R1 = 10g Pleurotus ostreatus/kg TTJM; R2 = 20g Pleurotus ostreatus/kg TTJM; R3 = 20g Pleurotus ostreatus/kg TTJM and R4 = 40g Pleurotus ostreatus/kg TTJM. The result showed best effect of crude protein R2= 32.33, best effect of crude fat R4= 18.59, best effect of crude fiber RO= 119.70, and best effect of energy (kkal) R4= 20682.59. The study concluded that the increasing crude protein and crude fat also decreased crude fiber content as a result of fermentation using Pleurotus ostreatus. The energy content of maize stover had no significant effect due to fermentation.

Palm polysaccharides were believed to contain mannose monosaccharides that are beneficial as an antibiotic replacer for poultry. This experiment was conducted to study the effect of coconut and salak polysaccharides on growth performance, excreta dry matter, digestibility, and bursa of Fabricius weight of E. coli challenged broilers. A total of 140-day old unsexed broiler Cobb chicks were used as experimental birds for 4 weeks. During the first week, the chicks were allocated in five brooder pens and transferred into 20 pens on day 8. The broiler chicks were offered 5 different experimental rations. The rations were control basal diet (T1), basal diet added with antibiotic avilamycin (T2), basal diet added with commercial yeast oligosaccharides (T3), basal added with coconut polysaccharides (T4), and basal diet added with Salak (snake fruit) polysaccharides (T5). To protect the birds from New Castle diseases, vaccination was done on day 3. On day 14, the birds were challenged against E. coli for three consecutive days. Plastic feeders and drinkers were put in the pen. The experiment used a completely randomized design with five different rations, four replicate pens of 7 birds each. The data were subjected to the analysis of variance. Any significant differences detected in the variance analysis were then tested with the least significant difference test. Results indicated that after challenged with E. coli, birds fed the basal diet had lower body weight gain, mortality, excreta dry matter, and carcass percentage, but higher in FCR and bursa of Fabricius weight than the birds fed T2, T3, T4, and T5 diets. Feed intake of the E. coli challenged broilers were lower than those of broilers fed the T3 diet. Feed digestibility was not affected by the treatment diets. In conclusion, the addition of feed additives either antibiotic or palm polysaccharides could enhance the growth performance, carcass percentage, and excreta dry matter of the E. coli challenged broilers.