The Dominican Republic has posted high rates of output and productivity growth, but labor market indicators have remained weak during the past 20 years. This paper documents these trends, showing that the rapid productivity growth originates in a few sectors, while the bulk of job creation is concentrated elsewhere. The speed of job creation has not been enough to raise employment rates, and lackluster real earnings along with still-rampant labor market informality suggest that most of the new jobs are of low quality. Low real wages and low labor force participation suggest the need of raising market wages above fallback incomes to attract individuals to the labor force. For that, measures to improve education and reduce product market distortions would be helpful.
The state is a major owner of industrial and commercial enterprises in Uzbekistan. Stateowned enterprises (SOEs) dominate and have significant influence on the performance of most sectors in the economy, including natural resources, energy, manufacturing, telecommunications, transport, and agriculture. The purpose of this study is to review the economic weight and degree of presence of SOEs in the economy of Uzbekistan, analyze in detail governance mechanisms employed by the Uzbek government to manage its portfolio of commercial enterprises, and discuss the scope of Uzbekistan's past and ongoing privatization initiatives. A number of recommendations for addressing key issues identified in the paper are outlined.
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