voluntary repetitions or prolongations of words or syllables, or interruptions in flow of speech, known as blocks [1,2]. Some children may comment on another child's stuttering out of curiosity or interest. Such comments may be hurtful to a child who stutters (CWS), even when bullying was not the intent [3]. The consequences of being bullied and teased during childhood may increase social anxiety, reduce self-esteem, and lead to poorer peer relationships, among other things [4,5]. Indeed, at least 40% of adults who stutter also have a social anxiety disorder [6]. Early detection and prevention of teasing and bullying associated with stuttering is therefore needed.
with age [1,2]. Blocks occur unexpectedly, even for AWS themselves, and can also halt normal inspiration and expiration. This symptom resembles the chief complaints ("voice not coming out" and "clogged voice") made by patients with muscle tension dysphonia (MTD) and adductor spasmodic dysphonia (AdSD). A systematic review of voice therapy in MTD showed that there were positive changes to outcome measures immediately following a period of therapy [3], and that therapy for MTD continued to be effective for 6 months after the completion of therapy [4]. However, speech therapy for adults who stutter (AWS) is limited [5]. Stuttering is readily modified during treatment in the clinic, but this gain is difficult to transfer outside of the clinic; when it does transfer, the effect does not last long [6].There have been many empirical studies, as well as theoretical descriptions, of the role of larynx during stuttering [7,8]. However, more objective information regarding the nature of laryngeal behavior during actual instances of stuttering is needed. The two general aspects of laryngeal activity for speech include phonation vibration [9] and abductory-adductory adjustment of the glottal aperture for voicing distinctions [10]. The latter adjustments are more likely to be related to the physiological disruptions associated with stuttering. MTD is a condition characterized by increased tension in the (para-) laryngeal muscles [11], often involving glottis closure. Very few studies have examined vocal fold moAbstract Background: Stuttering is a speech disorder; the primary symptom in adults who stutter (AWS) is blocks, which halt both speech and breathing. This study aimed to evaluate vocal fold motion during blocks in AWS, in order to better understand this condition.
Background: Stuttering is a speech fluency disorder. Although recent studies have shown that most of its etiology is genetic, some parents considered their own caregiving or siblings as the cause of stuttering. This study aimed to address the clinical question associated with whether having siblings increases the risk of stuttering. Methods: We assessed the numbers and proportions of sibship size and birth order of 102 people who stutter (76 males and 26 females; average 11.8 years). In addition, we compared the occurrence of only children and siblings in our stuttering data with those in the 15 th Japanese National Fertility Survey database. Results: There were 22 (21.6%) only children and 80 (78.4%) siblings in our stuttering data, and there were 229 (19.8%) only children and 927 (80.2%) siblings in the 15 th Japanese National Fertility Survey database. A chi-square analysis revealed that the observed frequencies in the siblings' categories were not significantly different from those of only children. Conclusions: The only child proportion of our stuttering population was similar to that of the 15th Japanese National Fertility Survey data. Our findings will assist parents and sibships to encourage self-confidence and prevent negative beliefs in the form of self-blame, guilt or shame associated with stuttering.
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