The automotive industry is transitioning towards intelligent, connected, and autonomous vehicles to avoid traffic congestion, conflicts, and collisions with increased driver safety. Connected and autonomous vehicles (CAV) must be aware of their surroundings and act as per their environment. Communication infrastructure can be vital in transmitting necessary information to peers and receiving critical information for timely decisions. This article provides a comprehensive review of the topic, covering the aspects of enabling wireless technologies and sensor fusion. The article reviews data acquisition using various sensing devices such as RADAR (Radio Detection and Ranging), LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging), cameras, and multi-modal sensor fusion of the acquired data after signal processing. Thereafter, it reviews the communication and networking infrastructure for intra-and inter-vehicle communication and related technologies. For each of these themes, research challenges and future directions have been identified.
INDEX TERMSSensor fusion, inter-vehicle communication, intra-vehicle communication, environment sensing, road safety, internet of vehicles, connected and autonomous vehicles, 5G networks I. INTRODUCTION
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a life-threatening complication of type 1 diabetes (DM) and sometimes type 2 diabetes. DKA in COVID-19 patients predicts a poor prognosis. There are few published reports describing DKA and AKI in COVID-19 patients. There is even less information on renal recovery or follow up of these patients. We report a case of a 55-year-old man with type 2 diabetes who presented with cough and shortness of breath. He was found to have DKA, AKI, and COVID-19. He was admitted to the ICU and subsequently intubated for airway protection and started on renal replacement therapy for AKI. The patient's renal function eventually recovered after 48 days of hospitalization, and he was discharged from the hospital. We report this case and performed a literature review to highlight that COVID-19 can lead to DKA and severe AKI in patients with DM. More importantly, we described the clinical and laboratory data that are associated with the recovery of COVID-19 AKI that are rarely reported.
The performance of time-reversal ultra-wideband systems under imperfect channel side information at the transmitter (CSIT) is investigated. Considering CSIT imperfections caused by estimation errors as well as the channel's time-varying nature, a bound is derived on the amount of channel decorrelation that the system can withstand while still achieving a target bit error rate floor. The theoretical results are supported by Monte Carlo simulations, indicating a robust performance in the presence of estimation errors and/or outdated CSIT.Introduction: Time-reversal (TR) ultra-wideband (UWB) communication systems employ a 'channel-coded' transmitter pre-filter to shift the design complexity from the receiver to the transmitter. However, the requirement of accurate channel state information at the transmitter (CSIT) impedes its adoption in practical systems. Although most of the research on TR-UWB systems assumes perfect knowledge of CSIT, some researchers have recently focused on TR-UWB under imperfections in channel estimation [1,2], and under time-varying environments [3].In this Letter, we study the effect of imperfect CSIT in TR-UWB systems that exploit channel reciprocity along with pilot transmissions from the receiver to estimate the channel response at the transmitter. Among multiple sources contributing to imperfections in CSIT, we consider two sources. The first is because of channel estimation errors, whereas the second is because of the channel's time-varying nature, which coupled with the feedback delay, causes the channel estimate to be outdated. Accounting for both sources of imperfections using analytically tractable models, we derive an expression for the end-to-end bit error rate (BER). We then determine a bound on the amount of channel decorrelation (between the current and the outdated channel response) that the TR-UWB system can withstand while still achieving a target BER floor, thus providing a quantitative picture of the performance of TR-UWB systems under CSIT imperfections. Our theoretical results are supported by Monte Carlo simulations on IEEE 802.15.4a CM-8 channel realisations [4], indicating the robustness of the TR scheme under imperfect CSIT.
Recycling trends have transformed the prerequisites of our cravings making the recycling of waste material into useful goods inevitable. Bio waste is a major portion of waste materials, and as such must be pursued for recycling. Activated carbon from bio waste has been shown to have remarkable electrochemical performance. This survey of data has been compiled for different bio wastes as a source of activated carbons with conductive behavior.
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