The current vaccines to control bovine Babesia bigemina (B. bigemina) infection are not fully protective and vaccination failures incur heavy losses to the cattle industry around the world. Using modified micro-aerophilous stationary phase, we developed a culture-derived attenuated live vaccine against B. bigemina and tested a single subcutaneous inoculation of 2 × 108 infected erythrocytes in calves. The protection was measured after a lethal intravenous challenge with 5 × 108 virulent calf-derived B. bigemina. Our results demonstrated that a single shot of attenuated vaccine was capable of inducing robust humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in calves. We found a significant increase in the IgG antibody titers post-challenge and a strong proliferation of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells contributing towards the protection. Our vaccine provided complete protection and parasitic clearance, which was followed for more than 100 days post-challenge. This immunity against babesiosis was directly linked to strong humoral responses; however, the parasitic clearance was attributed to significant T cells effector responses in vaccinated calves as compared to the infected control calves. We anticipate that these results will be helpful in the development of more efficient culture-derived vaccines against Babesia infections, thus reducing significant global economic losses to farmers and the cattle industry.
An acute respiratory syndrome Corona Virus 2 has affected humanity throughout the world. Scientifically, Corona Virus 2 is known as SARS-COV-2 which is abbreviated as COVID-2019. China was the first victim of this outbreaks in December 2019 [1] which was later recognized as pandemic on March 11, 2020 by World Health Organization (WHO) [2,3]. At the time of this writing, about 8.75 million individuals of 188 countries [4] have been effected by COVID resulting in 463000 deaths primarily, corona virus communicates from one body to another body through close contacts via droplets produced by sneezing, coughing or taking by infected badly within a buffer zone of 3 to 6 feet [5,6,7]. These droplets fall onto a surface and can survive up to 72 hours [8]. Various studies have proved that droplets may travel up to 37 feet by an uncovered cough [9,10,11]. Corona virus is not an airborne, however it may transport through respiratory droplets during talking and breathing [12].
COVID-19 pandemic has severely affected the food supply throughout the world. Pandemics affect the economy of nations badly but a number of countries were facing food insecurity even before COVID-19 pandemic. In this paper yearly data of food security is collected from the year 2015 to 2020 to inspect the consequences of poverty and COVID-19 pandemic through spatial regression analysis. The analysis shows that the food insecurity index has increased up to 33.5% by the year 2020 due to prevailing COVID- 19 pandemic. The Asian residents which are already living in developing countries have faced higher food insecurity between the years 2015 and 2018. The spatial regression analysis babbled that the discriminations like race, religion and creed doesn’t play any significant role in poverty and food insecurity. The primary factor of food insecurity is poverty. The poverty affected strongly during the years 2015 and 2018, the condition was worsened by the arrival of COVID-19 pandemic in 2020.
Background: Babesia bigemina is the cause of bovine babesiosis. B. bigemina-infected red blood cells (iRBCs) were passaged in vitro for the attenuation. Methods: We cultured Pakistani isolate of the parasite in three different culture media. Whole blood was collected from splenectomized and intact crossbred young calves. The parameters included were hematological profile, catalase activity, osmotic fragility and lipid profile. Cell culture media (M-199, RPMI 1640 and DMEM) were used to find out the longevity of parasites iRBCs.Result: Highest PPE level was found up to 6.0% on 72 h post-culture in M-199 medium. Furthermore, no significant difference in catalase activity while significant difference in osmotic fragility were observed. However, lipid profile was significantly less in infected animals except in Babesia-infected. M-199 was the most appropriate medium for the in vitro cultivation of B. bigemina. Our findings would help us for in vitro cultivation of babesia-infected RBCs for its attenuation.
The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has adversely affected the global healthcare system, especially the management of surgical diseases. Most guidelines issued during pandemic recommended deferral of elective surgeries to decrease transmission and conserve resources for COVID-19 management, which raised the risk of complications. This study was conducted to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the general surgical practice of a tertiary healthcare facility in Sindh, Pakistan. The data were retrospectively retrieved from the operation room records for most common general surgical procedures performed between January 2019 to December 2020 (i.e. peak COVID-19 restriction period). Monthly frequencies of the enrolled procedures were compared to COVID-19-associated incidence, recoveries, and mortality in Sindh. The six enrolled procedures suffered a reduction of 23.9% from 2019 to 2020. However, the difference was not significant (p >0.05) for the procedures collectively or individually, except for trucut biopsy (p =0.042). COVID-19-associated mortality significantly influences the frequency of the surgical procedures, compared to the pre-COVID era (p =0.042). However, the association was significant for the procedures collectively only, but in the individual procedure, only open inguinal hernia repair (p =0.011) showed a significant difference. In conclusion, there was a significant reduction in surgical cases with the potential risk of complications. Therefore in such situations, there must be a developed system to that the cases may be decided on an individual basis.
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