Volume change of expansive soils is a challenging issue, which affects various engineering structures all over the world. Consequently, we need environmentally-friendly and cost-effective soil stabilizers to address the challenges related to expansive soils. The utilization of natural fibers allows for the reduction in environmental impact since they are renewable and biodegradable raw materials. Moreover, the current article presents an experimental approach to study the effect of natural fibers on the mechanical behavior of expansive soils. Various experimental tests—such as Atterberg limits, standard compaction, direct shear, swelling potential, and swelling pressure—were conducted on control and treated soil samples using different percentages of fibers. The results of measurements of the physico-mechanical properties after reinforcement of the soil with 1%, 5%, and 10% of natural fibers indicate that the mechanical behavior of expansive soils is greatly influenced by the addition of natural fibers. To conclude, 86% reduction was observed in the swelling coefficient of treated soil. Future research can be done to check the durability of the current practice in detail.
Pakistan is primarily dependent on water supplies from the Upper Indus
basin for irrigated agriculture. Any changes in available resources due
to climate, consequently has the potential to have a significant impact
on the environment. Coupled model inter-comparison project phase 6
(CMIP6) based global climate models (GCMs) under shared socioeconomic
pathways (SSP245) scenario were assessed to evaluate the study area for
climate change effect on river runoff using Soil and water assessment
tool (SWAT). Temperature fluctuations have a significant effect on
stream flow, since the primary sources of river runoff in the Upper
Regions of Indus Basin (URIB) are snow and glacier melting. The
temperature (min & max) will likely increase by almost 18% in the
future, the projected precipitation pattern will increase by 13-17 %,
and the stream flow will increase by 19-30 % in the future due to the
warmer temperature. Temperature (min & max), precipitation and stream
flow have had different effects in each season, while their variability
in the projected annual changes are increasing for mid and late 21
century. Hydroelectricity generation, irrigation,
flood prevention, and storage reservoir will be required in the
strategies and action plans for the effective water resources
management.
Pakistan is primarily dependent on water supplies from the Upper Indus basin for irrigated agriculture. Any changes in available resources due to climate, consequently has the potential to have a significant impact on the environment. Coupled model inter-comparison project phase 6 (CMIP6) based global climate models (GCMs) under shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP245) scenario were assessed to evaluate the study area for climate change effect on river runoff using Soil and water assessment tool (SWAT). Temperature fluctuations have a significant effect on stream flow, since the primary sources of river runoff in the Upper Regions of Indus Basin (URIB) are snow and glacier melting. The temperature (min & max) will likely increase by almost 18% in the future, the projected precipitation pattern will increase by 13-17 %, and the stream flow will increase by 19-30 % in the future due to the warmer temperature. Temperature (min & max), precipitation and stream flow have had different effects in each season, while their variability in the projected annual changes are increasing for mid and late 21st century. Hydroelectricity generation, irrigation, flood prevention, and storage reservoir will be required in the strategies and action plans for the effective water resources management.
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