Gastric emptying of liquids correlates well with gastric emptying of solids. When evaluating patients for gastroparesis, assessment of gastric emptying of liquids in addition to solids may help identify additional patients with delayed gastric emptying, particularly non-diabetic patients where 26% with normal solid emptying may have delayed emptying of liquids. Symptoms of gastroparesis, however, are primarily associated with delayed gastric emptying of solids.

Background Symptoms of gastroparesis based on patient recall correlate poorly with gastric emptying. Aim To determine if symptoms recorded during gastric emptying scintigraphy (GES) correlate with gastric emptying and with symptoms based on patient recall. Methods Patients undergoing GES completed the Patient Assessment of GI Symptoms (PAGI-SYM) assessing symptoms over the prior 2 weeks and a questionnaire for which patients graded six symptoms during GES. A Symptom Severity Index (SSI) represented the mean of six symptoms at each time point. Key Results 560 patients underwent GES for clinical evaluation of symptoms. Of 388 patients included in the study: 232 patients had normal GES (NGES), 156 delayed GES (DGES), and 11 rapid GES (RGES). SSI increased pre- to postprandial for each group: NGES: 0.51±0.07 to 0.92±0.03, DGES: 0.60±0.09 to 1.13±0.05, and RGES: 0.56±0.12 to 0.79±0.13. DGES patients had a higher postprandial SSI than NGES patients (1.13±0.05 vs 0.92±0.03, p<0.05). Postprandial symptoms of stomach fullness (1.9±0.12 vs 1.5±0.09; p=0.011), bloating (1.4±0.11 vs 1.1±0.09; p =0.033), and abdominal pain (1.1±0.08 vs 0.7±0.12; p=0.012) were higher in DGES than NGES. Symptom severity based on PAGI-SYM for 2 weeks prior to GES correlated with symptoms during the test for nausea (NGES r=0.61, DGES r=0.70), stomach fullness (NGES r=0.47, DGES r=0.60), and bloating (NGES r=0.62, DGES r=0.66). Conclusions & Inferences Stomach fullness, bloating, and abdominal pain recorded during GES were higher in patients with delayed gastric emptying than in patients with normal gastric emptying. Symptoms recorded during GES correlated with those during daily life by patient recall.

To compare the gastroesophageal junction of the human with the pig, M(2) and M(3) receptor densities and the potencies of M(2) and M(3) muscarinic receptor subtype selective antagonists were determined in gastric clasp and sling smooth muscle fibers. Total muscarinic and M(2) receptors are higher in pig than human clasp and sling fibers. M(3) receptors are higher in human compared with pig sling fibers but lower in human compared with pig clasp fibers. Clasp fibers have fewer M(3) receptors than sling fibers in both humans and pigs. Similar to human clasp fibers, pig clasp fibers contract significantly less than pig sling fibers. Analysis of the methoctramine Schild plot suggests that M(2) receptors are involved in mediating contraction in pig clasp and sling fibers. Darifenacin potency suggests that M(3) receptors mediate contraction in pig sling fibers and that M(2) and M(3) receptors mediate contraction in pig clasp fibers. Taken together, the data suggest that both M(2) and M(3) muscarinic receptors mediate the contraction in both pig clasp and sling fibers similar to human clasp and sling fibers.

No abstract

Objective: To determine the factors of maxillary arch dimension of students aged 18–25 years in the prosthetic department at Bhittai Dental and Medical College Methods: This cross-sectional study was done at the prosthetic department at Bhittai Dental and Medical College, MirpurKhas. All the students having Class I canine and molar relationships; well-aligned upper and lower dental arches; mixed dentition; good facial symmetry; and no previous orthodontic treatment. Dental arch dimensions of width, length, and depth were taken by one examiner using the Korkhaus’ compass and a digital pachymeter. All the data was collected by the study proforma and SPSS version 26 was used for the purpose of analysis. Results: A total of 50 students were studied. Their mean age was 22.68+3.32 years. According to the arch width, the mean inter canine distance was 35.28+1.98 mm, the mean inter pre molar distance was 42.92+2.36 mm, the mean inter first molar distance was 52.48+4.03 mm, and the mean inter 2nd molar distance was 59.52+3.61mm. According to the maxillary arch length, the anterior arch length was 8.32+1.34mm, molar ventricle distance was 29.72+2.52 mm and the total arch length was 43.2+2.1mm. In the arch width and length, the mean inter 2nd molar distance and anterior arch length were statistically insignificant according to age and gender (p-<0.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, within the age range that was investigated, slight gender discrepancies were evident using all available approaches in maxillary arch width and length. There was found a slight difference in age groups and gender as the average maxillary arch width and length were observed to be slightly higher than females. Keywords: Maxillary arch, width, length, age, gender