Summary For future food security, it is important that wheat, one of the most widely consumed crops in the world, can survive the threat of abiotic and biotic stresses. New genetic variation is currently being introduced into wheat through introgressions from its wild relatives. For trait discovery, it is necessary that each introgression is homozygous and hence stable. Breeding programmes rely on efficient genotyping platforms for marker‐assisted selection (MAS). Recently, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)‐based markers have been made available on high‐throughput Axiom® SNP genotyping arrays. However, these arrays are inflexible in their design and sample numbers, making their use unsuitable for long‐term MAS. SNPs can potentially be converted into Kompetitive allele‐specific PCR (KASP™) assays that are comparatively cost‐effective and efficient for low‐density genotyping of introgression lines. However, due to the polyploid nature of wheat, KASP assays for homoeologous SNPs can have difficulty in distinguishing between heterozygous and homozygous hybrid lines in a backcross population. To identify co‐dominant SNPs, that can differentiate between heterozygotes and homozygotes, we PCR‐amplified and sequenced genomic DNA from potential single‐copy regions of the wheat genome and compared them to orthologous copies from different wild relatives. A panel of 620 chromosome‐specific KASP assays have been developed that allow rapid detection of wild relative segments and provide information on their homozygosity and site of introgression in the wheat genome. A set of 90 chromosome‐nonspecific assays was also produced that can be used for genotyping introgression lines. These multipurpose KASP assays represent a powerful tool for wheat breeders worldwide.

Alpha linolenic acid is an essential polyunsaturated fatty acid and is reported to have the anti-cancer potential with no defined hypothesis or mechanism/s. Henceforth present study was in-quested to validate the effect of alpha linolenic acid on mitochondrial apoptosis, hypoxic microenvironment and de novo fatty acid synthesis using in-vitro and in-vivo studies. The IC50 value of alpha linolenic acid was recorded to be 17.55μM against ER+MCF-7 cells. Treatment with alpha linolenic acid was evident for the presence of early and late apoptotic signals along with mitochondrial depolarization, when studied through acridine orange/ethidium bromide and JC-1 staining. Alpha linolenic acid arrested the cell cycle in G2/M phase. Subsequently, the in-vivo efficacy was examined against 7, 12-dimethylbenz anthracene induced carcinogenesis. Treatment with alpha linolenic acid demarcated significant effect upon the cellular proliferation as evidenced through decreased in alveolar bud count, restoration of the histopathological architecture and loss of tumor micro vessels. Alpha linolenic acid restored the metabolic changes to normal when scrutinized through 1H NMR studies. The immunoblotting and qRT-PCR studies revealed participation of mitochondrial mediated death apoptosis pathway and curtailment of hypoxic microenvironment after treatment with alpha linolenic acid. With all above, it was concluded that alpha linolenic acid mediates mitochondrial apoptosis, curtails hypoxic microenvironment along with inhibition of de novo fatty acid synthesis to impart anticancer effects.

Background Triticum timopheevii (2n = 4x = 28; A t A t GG), is an important source for new genetic variation for wheat improvement with genes for potential disease resistance and salt tolerance. By generating a range of interspecific hybrid lines, T. timopheevii can contribute to wheat’s narrow gene-pool and be practically utilised in wheat breeding programmes. Previous studies that have generated such introgression lines between wheat and its wild relatives have been unable to use high-throughput methods to detect the presence of wild relative segments in such lines. Results A whole genome introgression approach, exploiting homoeologous recombination in the absence of the Ph1 locus, has resulted in the transfer of different chromosome segments from both the A t and G genomes of T. timopheevii into wheat. These introgressions have been detected and characterised using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers present on a high-throughput Axiom® Genotyping Array. The analysis of these interspecific hybrid lines has resulted in the detection of 276 putative unique introgressions from T. timopheevii , thereby allowing the generation of a genetic map of T. timopheevii containing 1582 SNP markers, spread across 14 linkage groups representing each of the seven chromosomes of the A t and G genomes of T. timopheevii . The genotyping of the hybrid lines was validated through fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH). Comparative analysis of the genetic map of T. timopheevii and the physical map of the hexaploid wheat genome showed that synteny between the two species is highly conserved at the macro-level and confirmed the presence of inter- and intra-genomic translocations within the A t and G genomes of T. timopheevii that have been previously only detected through cytological techniques. Conclusions In this work, we report a set of SNP markers present on a high-throughput genotyping array, able to detect the presence of T. timopheevii in a hexaploid wheat background making it a potentially valuable tool for marker assisted selection (MAS) in wheat pre-breeding programs. These valuable resources of high-density molecular markers and wheat- T. timopheevii hybrid lines will greatly enhance the work being undertaken for wheat improvement through wild relative introgressions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12870-019-1785-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of α-chymotrypsin on methyl nitrosourea (MNU) induced mammary gland carcinoma in albino wistar rats. Animals were randomized into four groups (six animals in each). Group I (sham control 0.9 % normal saline p.o.); Group II (toxic control, MNU 47 mg/kg, i.v.); Group III (α-chymotrypsin, 5 mg/kg, p.o.); Group IV (α-chymotrypsin, 10 mg/kg p.o.). Toxicity was induced by single i.v. injection of MNU followed by α-chymotrypsin supplementation therapy for 100 days. MNU treatment was evident with increased alveolar bud count, differentiation score, upregulated inflammatory enzymes markers (COX, LOX and NO) antioxidative stress markers (TBARs, SOD, catalase and GSH).MNU associated toxicity was also ascertained by PGP 9.5 and NF-κB expression in the mammary gland tissue followed by FAME analysis for fatty acid profiling. α-chymotrypsin afforded significant protection against the deleterious effects of MNU.

(4-[7-(Acetyloxy)-2-ethyl-2H-chromen-3-yl] phenyl acetate) (BBAP-1) was identified as a potential prolyl hydroxylase-2 activator and tested for this activity using the 2-oxoglutarate dependent in vitro assay.

The present study was undertaken to elucidate the effect of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3, ω-3) and gamma-linolenic acid (GLA, 18:3, ω-6) on experimental autism features induced by early prenatal exposure to valproic acid (VPA) in albino wistar pups. The pups were scrutinized on the accounts of behavioral, biochemical, and inflammatory markers, and the results suggested that the GLA can impart significant protection in comparison to ALA against VPA-induced autism features. When scrutinized histopathologically, the cerebellum of the GLA-treated animals was evident for more marked protection toward neuronal degeneration and neuronal loss in comparison to ALA. Concomitant administration of ALA and GLA with VPA demonstrated a marked cutdown in the Pgp 9.5 expression with GLA having more pronounced effect. Henceforth, it can be concluded that ALA and GLA can impart favorable protection against the VPA-induced autism-like features with GLA having pronounced effect.